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Topic: Community Development
What is Community Engagement?
Community engagement is about people working together to improve their community
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It helps make positive changes in health and
environment
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Examples of Community Engagement:
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Volunteering at places like a food bank, animal shelter, or homeless shelter
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Giving blood at a local blood drive
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Speaking up for others
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Attending and participating in local government meetings (town hall, city council, school
board)
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Characteristics of Community Engagement:
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Nature of Community Engagement:
This is about what community engagement is at its core:
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Community Development:
●​ Definition: It's a process to make a community better by involving its members in
activities that improve economic, social, and environmental conditions
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●​ Methods: Working together, making decisions as a group, and using local resources for
positive change
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Social Cohesion:
●​ Definition: It's how much a community is united, cooperative, and supportive of each
other, creating a feeling of belonging
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●​ Indicators (Signs): Trust among members, shared values, good communication, and a
feeling of being included
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Social Cohesion vs
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Pakistani villagers celebrating
cultural festivals together
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Pakistani communities
supporting each other after a
disaster
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Community Engagement
Involving individuals in
decision-making and activities
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Involving individuals in
decisions and actions
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Active participation,
collaboration, informed
decisions
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development ideas
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communities
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services
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​ Inclusivity: Make sure diverse people are involved, especially those often left out
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2
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For example, hold meetings where people can share opinions
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​ Communication and Transparency: Keep communication clear and open to share
information
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4
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For example, offer workshops on topics like leadership
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​ Tailored Engagement Strategies: Adjust how you engage based on the community's

specific needs and culture
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For example, create a map of local businesses and skilled people who
can help
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​ Sustainability and Long-Term Planning: Plan initiatives that have long-lasting benefits
and contribute to the community's development over time
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​ Collaboration with External Partners: Work with outside organizations, government,
and businesses for more resources and expertise
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9
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For example, use surveys or suggestion boxes
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​Celebrating Successes: Recognize and celebrate achievements with the community to
build pride and ownership
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Successful Community-Driven Initiatives in Pakistan:
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○​ Approach: The community built their own low-cost sewerage system with technical
guidance from OPP, providing labor and covering material costs
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2
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○​ Approach: SRSP involves communities in planning and implementing projects,
with local people contributing labor and resources, and SRSP providing technical
and financial support
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3
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○​ Approach: LCS works with local residents, experts, and government bodies on
conservation, including restoring historic buildings and raising public awareness
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Topic: Public discourse and Public opinion
Public Discourse:
Public discourse is how people share ideas and opinions publicly to make decisions and
understand different views
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Here's how some thinkers define public discourse:
●​ Hannah Arendt: It's a space for dialogue to understand perspectives and act on shared
challenges
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●​ John Dewey: He saw it as essential for democracy, helping people solve problems and
promote justice through dialogue
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●​ Charles Taylor: It's a process where people negotiate common values in a diverse
society
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Why Public Discourse is Important:
●​ Democratic Participation: It lets citizens voice opinions and hold leaders accountable
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●​ Social Cohesion: It encourages understanding among groups, reducing divisions and
promoting empathy
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●​ Critical Thinking: It encourages rational debate and helps people form informed
opinions
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●​ Freedom of Expression: It upholds the right to express views without fear
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Public Discourse in Pakistan:
●​ It's important for shaping the country's social, political, and economic life
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●​ Political Debate: Often focuses on governance, corruption, and elections, with political
talk shows and rallies being common platforms
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It's more
than a notion but less than proven knowledge
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●​ Press (Media): Newspapers, media, and the press are powerful tools for shaping public
opinion by providing information
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●​ Interest Groups: These groups, often made up of wealthier and educated individuals, try
to influence government
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●​ Protests: Protests show dissatisfaction with government policies and aim to draw media
and public attention to problems
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●​ Rational and Logical: It can be supported by reason
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●​ Related to all Aspects of Life: It can concern political, social, economic, or cultural
matters
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●​ Not Imposed: It's a natural result of growth, not forced
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●​ Based on Freedom of Speech: Freedom of expression is crucial for it to form
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●​ Promotes Democracy: It ensures the government reflects the will of the people
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●​ Accountability: It holds leaders responsible for their actions
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●​ Guides Media: Media often tailors content to public interest, ensuring important issues
are covered
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●​ Economic Impact: Consumer opinions influence market trends
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●​ Peace and Stability: Support for fair policies contributes to social harmony
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●​ Public Importance: It's concerned with matters of general importance, not just specific
groups
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●​ Media Censorship: Government control can limit diverse viewpoints
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●​ Social and Cultural Norms: Traditional beliefs can discourage dissenting opinions
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●​ Fear of Reprisal: People may be afraid to express opinions due to powerful groups
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●​ Misinformation: False information can distort public opinion
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●​ Ethnic and Religious Divisions: These can polarize public opinion and prevent
consensus
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They are experts or influencers who interpret information and share it
with others
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●​ Everett Rogers: Individuals who informally influence others' attitudes and have more
exposure to outside communication
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Merton: Those who give advice and information to community members and
play a key role in others' decisions
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Lance Bennett: Active media users who interpret content for less active users, acting
as a bridge
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Klapper: Knowledgeable and informed individuals who are trusted sources
and influence others through expertise
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●​ Active Social Participation: They frequently engage in conversations, sharing
knowledge and opinions
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●​ Subject Matter Expertise: They have specialized knowledge in certain areas, increasing
their influence
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●​ Interpersonal Communication Skills: They can clearly and persuasively express their
thoughts
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●​ Influence: Their influence extends beyond their immediate circle
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●​ Active Social Engagement: They are involved in social and community activities, which
helps them communicate with many people
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They act as links between the media and the public, and between innovators and the
community
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It means speaking in favor of,
recommending, or arguing for a cause, or pleading on behalf of others
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Here are some ways experts define advocacy:
●​ John Rawls: Advocacy ensures justice and fairness in society by arguing for individual
and group rights and liberties to promote equality and social justice
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●​ Michel Foucault: Advocacy challenges power structures that cause inequality, giving a
voice to those who are marginalized
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●​ Amartya Sen: Advocacy focuses on improving people's abilities and opportunities by
arguing for policies that enhance their freedoms and well-being
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●​ The Concise Oxford Dictionary: Advocacy is verbal support or an argument for a cause
or policy
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What an Advocate Does:
Listens to your views and concerns and helps you understand your options and rights without
pressuring you
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●​ Accompanies and supports you in meetings and appointments
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What an Advocate Cannot Do:
●​ Give you their personal opinion
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●​ Make judgments about you
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Lobbying is
the act of trying to convince those in power to approve or eliminate specific laws
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It's about motivating the public to act for change
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Lobbying: Advocacy includes any activity that educates others about an
issue
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Advocacy can include lobbying, and lobbying always includes advocacy
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Process of Advocacy as a Tool for Problem Solving:
Advocacy is a powerful way to solve problems by actively supporting a cause to create change
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​ Identify the Issue: Clearly define the problem that needs to be addressed (e
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, lack of
clean drinking water)
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​ Collect Data: Gather information to fully understand the issue (e
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, statistics on
waterborne diseases)
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​ Set Goals: Decide what you want to achieve (e
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, secure government funding for a water
purification system)
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​ Develop a Strategy: Plan the steps to reach your goals, including target audiences and
messages (e
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, public awareness campaigns, stakeholder meetings, media
engagement)
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​ Build Alliances: Work with other organizations, communities, and stakeholders who
share your goals (e
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, partnering with local NGOs, community leaders, health experts)
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​ Raise Awareness: Use different ways to inform the public and stakeholders about the
issue (e
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, community meetings, social media, local media)
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​ Engage Decision Makers: Present your case to those in power to influence them (e
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,
meeting government officials, submitting petitions, testifying at public hearings)
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​ Implement Actions: Carry out your planned activities and campaigns (e
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, community
clean-up days, social media campaigns, workshops)
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​ Monitor and Evaluate: Continuously check the progress of your advocacy efforts and
make adjustments as needed (e
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, tracking public opinion changes, policy developments,
health indicators)
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​Follow-Up: Ensure that changes are put into action and continue over time (e
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,
regularly checking if a new water system is maintained and working)
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●​ Selected Issue: Lack of Accessible Education for Girls in Rural Pakistan
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○​ Research: Collect data on school enrollment, cultural attitudes, and education's
impact
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○​ Develop a Strategy: Create awareness campaigns, involve community leaders,
and lobby for government support
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○​ Raise Awareness: Use radio, community meetings, and social media to highlight
the importance of girls' education
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○​ Implement Actions: Host workshops, distribute school supplies, and
build/renovate schools
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○​ Follow-Up: Ensure schools are maintained, teachers are trained, and the
community continues to support girls' education
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○​ Minority Rights: Protecting religious and ethnic minorities, ensuring their
representation and safeguarding their rights
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​ Education:
○​ Access to Education: Campaigns for everyone to have access to primary and
secondary education, especially for girls and children in rural areas
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3
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○​ Healthcare Access: Advocating for better healthcare infrastructure, services, and
access, especially in underserved regions
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​ Environment:
○​ Climate Change: Raising awareness and pushing for policies to reduce climate
change effects, promote sustainable practices, and protect natural resources
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○​ Electoral Reforms: Campaigns for fair and free elections, voter education, and
electoral reforms
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Topic: Social Action Movement
What is a Social Action Movement?
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It's when a lot of people work together to change something in society
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They can happen locally, nationally, or globally
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How do Sociologists Define It?
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Herbert Blumer: A group effort to create a new way of life
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Rose: An informal group of many people trying to change or transfer parts of
culture or institutions
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Horton and Hunt: An effort to either advance or stop change
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Charles Tilly: Ordinary people making claims on others through protests, displays, and
campaigns
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Sidney Tarrow: Group challenges based on common goals and unity, interacting with
powerful people, opponents, and authorities
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Basically, social movements are group efforts to create new systems or achieve social
goals, often working outside of official channels
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Organization: A planned group or network that manages the movement's activities
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Tactics and Strategies: The specific actions used to reach goals, like protests, petitions,
or social media campaigns
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Communication: How the movement spreads its message, raises awareness, and
informs supporters
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Types of Social Movements (David Aberle's Categories):
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Alternative Movements: Aim for small, specific changes in individuals' beliefs or
behaviors
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○ Example in Pakistan: Environmental awareness campaigns encouraging
sustainable practices
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○ Example: Religious groups that recruit members to be "reborn," like Tablighi Jamat
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○ Examples: Civil Rights Movement, environmental movements, women's suffrage
movement
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g
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Revolutionary Movements: Aim to completely overthrow the existing political and social
system and replace it with a new one
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Resistance Movements: Oppose certain policies, laws, or social norms, often trying to
prevent change or keep things as they are
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Stages of Social Movements (Blumer and Tilly's Model):
Social movements go through a lifecycle: emergence, growth, and sometimes decline
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Coalescence: The group becomes more organized, develops plans, and gathers
supporters
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Decline: Movements can end due to:
○ Success: They achieve their goals
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○ Repression: Authorities or opponents stop them
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Characteristics of Social Movements:

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Collective: Not individual actions, but involve a group working together
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Ideology and Objectives: Have core beliefs and specific goals to achieve change
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Relevant: They arise in response to something and adapt to society
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Geographical Area: Usually limited to a specific area (local, national)
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Mobility: They are dynamic and change as the nation changes to achieve their goals
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Literature: They often spread their ideas and criticize opponents through written
materials
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Anti-Tendency: They usually arise in opposition to an existing situation, system, or
tradition
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Nature of Social Action Movements:
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Collective Action: Groups working together for a common goal
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Sustained Campaigns: Efforts continue over time, not just isolated incidents
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Organizational Structure: They have some level of organization
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Solidarity and Identity: They build a sense of unity among participants
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Innovative Tactics: They often use new ways to get attention and support
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Significance of Social Action Movements:
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Social Change: They drive changes in existing norms and policies
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Policy Reforms: Can lead to significant changes in laws and policies
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Social Cohesion: They can strengthen unity within communities
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Cultural Shifts: Can change cultural attitudes and values, leading to more tolerance
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Innovation in Advocacy: They often create new ways of advocating and protesting
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Topic:Digital Platforms
What is a Digital Platform?
●​ It's basically a place online where people can exchange information, goods, or services
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Without the
community, the platform isn't very valuable
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How Experts Define Digital Platforms:
●​ Xu et al: It's a set of digital parts that form a base for creating and sharing new
applications
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[cite_start]It helps them by making it cheaper and easier to find
each other and interact
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●​ Tan et al: It's a business network of different parties (suppliers, customers, etc
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Benefits of Digital Platforms:
●​ Faster Online Work: Helps businesses have a stronger online presence and launch
products quickly
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[cite_start]Digital platforms help improve this experience by designing customer journeys
and delivering agile solutions
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This
helps businesses understand what's working and improve their strategies
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●​ Single Source of Truth: It allows you to combine data from different systems into one
central location, making it easier to manage all your organization's data
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Knowledge Platforms: ResearchGate, Quora, Yahoo! Answers
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Service-Oriented Platforms: InDriver, Uber
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●​ Online Buying and Selling: Online shopping offers many options and convenience for

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customers to buy from anywhere
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Blockchain Technology: A system that stores transaction records (blocks) in a public,
linked chain
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Artificial Intelligence (AI): Machines learning and performing tasks intelligently
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Cloud Computing: A system where data is stored on other computers and accessed
over the internet
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Video Streaming: Used for social media, online games, and watching movies or shows
online (e
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, Skype, YouTube)
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Font size and style can be changed
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This data can be used with mapping apps to provide
location-based information
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Gadgets (Computers): Laptops, tablets, desktops, and other computers rely on digital
technology
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ATM Machines: Allow quick access to bank accounts for withdrawals, deposits, balance
checks, and mobile phone credit
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Nanobots are being developed for medical use
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Banking and Finances: Many banking activities are now done on laptops or
smartphones using apps (e
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, PayPal for transferring funds, paying bills)
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Digital Cameras: More versatile than traditional cameras, making it easier to store, edit,
and share images
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Most music is now streamed or
downloaded as compressed audio (like MP3s)
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Role of Digital Platforms in Civic Engagement:
●​ Increased Accessibility: People can participate in civic activities regardless of where
they are or their resources
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●​ Wide Reach: Online platforms can reach a global audience, increasing the impact of civic
efforts
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●​ Mobilizing Support: Digital campaigns can quickly gather support through shares, likes,
and online signatures
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●​ Online Petitions: Platforms like Change
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●​ Crowdfunding Initiatives: Websites like GoFundMe help raise money for causes
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●​ Community Building: Online groups and forums help people with similar interests
connect
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●​ Transparency and Accountability: Social media can expose wrongdoing and promote
transparency from public officials
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●​ Facilitating Dialogue: Online platforms allow discussions and debates, leading to a more
informed public
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●​ Real-Time Feedback: Social media provides immediate feedback from the public,
helping shape initiatives
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●​ Enhanced Collaboration: Digital tools make it easier for different organizations to work
together
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●​ Engaging Younger Generations: Digital engagement encourages younger people to
participate in civic activities
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●​ It's like good manners for the digital world – being polite and responsible online
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●​ It helps you use the internet safely and wisely
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●​ Manuel Velasquez: It's about rules for using digital information and technology, focusing
on what individuals and organizations should do responsibly online
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●​ Walter Maner: It's about using ethical rules to deal with issues from computer technology,
such as privacy, security, and getting access to information
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Things Related to Cyberethics:
●​ Cyberbullying: Harming or making fun of people online, often about their looks or
lifestyle
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●​ Hacking: Stealing someone's personal or company information without permission
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●​ Copywriting (Plagiarism): Copying someone else's work and saying it's your own
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Why are Cyberethics Important?
●​ Not following them can cause big problems
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●​ You can face legal action if you break cyber ethics rules
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Security: Keeping digital information and systems safe from online threats
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Accuracy: Sharing true and reliable information online, and avoiding fake news
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●​ Access: Making sure everyone can use digital resources fairly, closing the "digital divide"
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●​ Transparency: Being open about how digital information is collected, used, and shared
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●​ Ethical Use of Technology: Using technology in a way that helps society and doesn't
cause harm
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Using Social Media Responsibly:
Social media has changed how we connect and has many benefits like connecting with family
and friends, spreading important messages, and helping businesses
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●​ Strong Passwords: Use strong, mixed passwords and different ones for different
accounts
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●​ Two-Factor Authentication (2FA): Turn on 2FA for extra security; it usually means an
extra step to prove it's you
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●​ Your Online Image: Think of your social media as a resume
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●​ Don't Post Negative Content: Avoid anything that could be seen as unlawful or get you
into trouble with school or the police
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Unfollow those that
aren't
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Follow accounts that promote your growth
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Set limits and turn off notifications to avoid
distractions
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Adjust privacy settings
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Don't share private information, even with "friends"
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Keep some things private
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Their
perspective can be helpful
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What you share can be seen
by friends, family, and future employers, and negative posts can stick around
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●​ Beware of Phishing Scams: Be careful of emails or messages asking for personal
information or suspicious links
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●​ Backup Your Data: Regularly save copies of important files to prevent loss from
problems like hardware failure or cyberattacks
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●​ Educate Yourself: Stay updated on online threats and safe practices
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By following these guidelines, you can improve your online security and privacy, making the
digital world safer for yourself

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