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Famous National and International News Agencies????
The Era of News Agencies


The newspaper industry played a significant role in the development of international
telegraph networks, to be able to exploit the rapid increase in demand for news, especially
the financial information required to conduct international commerce
...




The increasing demand among business clients for commercial information - on
businesses, stocks, currencies, commodities, harvests - ensured that news agencies grew in
power and reach
...
The US agency, Associated
Press (AP) was established in 1848, but only the three European agencies began as
international ones; not until the turn of the century did an American agency move in this
direction
...




These three European news agencies, Havas, Wolff and Reuters, all of which were
subsidized by their respective governments, controlled information markets in Europe and
were looking beyond the continent to expand their operations
...
The
resulting association of agencies (ultimately to include about 30 members), became known

variously as the League of Allied Agencies (les Agences Alliees), as the World League of
Press Associations, as the National Agencies Alliances, and as the Grand Alliance of
Agencies
...
In the view of some
it was a 'cartel', and its influence on world opinion was used by governments to suit their
own purposes
...
Each
agency made its own separate contracts with national agencies or other subscribers within
its own territory
...
In practice, Reuters, whose idea it was, tended to dominate the
Ring Combination
...
It also had more staff and stringers throughout
the world and thus contributed more original news to the pool
...




In 1890, Wolff, Reuters and Havas signed a new treaty for a further ten years
...
But Havas yielded its position in Egypt, which became exclusive Reuters
territory but continued to share Belgium and Central America with Reuters
...
Their expansion outside
Europe was intimately associated with the territorial colonialism of the late nineteenth
century'
...


The first challenge to their

monopoly came from AP when it started supplying news to Latin America
...
AP began to expand internationally, paralleling political changes in Europe with
the weakening of the European empires after the First World War
...
The Times of India
was founded in 1838 while Southeast Asia's premier newspaper The Straits Times was
started as a daily newspaper from Singapore in 1858
...
By 1870 more than 140 newspapers were being
printed in Indian languages; in Cairo Al-Ahram, the newspaper which has defined Arab
journalism for more than a century, was established in 1875, while in 1890, Japan's most
respected newspaper Asahi Shimbun (Morning Sun) was founded
...

Newspapers were used by leaders to articulate nascent nationalism in many Asian
countries
...



However, it was the USA which had the biggest international impact on media cultures
symbolized by William Randolph Hearst, one of the world's first media moguls
...
It was succeeded in 1915 by the King Feature Syndicate, whose
comic strips were used by newspapers all over the world, for most of the twentieth century
...

Following the first screening in Paris and Berlin in 1895, films were being seen a year later
from Bombay to Buenos Aires
...
The
development of independent studios between 1909 and 1913 led to the growth of the
Hollywood film industry which was to dominate global film production
...
Within a few years of the
founding of the company, in 1897, its recording engineers were at work in the Balkans, the
Middle East, Africa, India, Iran and China
...
After its merger with the US giant Columbia Gramophone
Company in 1931 it formed EMI (Electric and Musical Industries), beginning a process of
Anglo-American domination of the international recording industry that has lasted
throughout the twentieth century
...
J
...
The USA, where advertising was given its modern form, was
an early convert to the power of advertising, making it the world's most consumerist
society
...
45 billion at the start
of the century to $212 billion by its end
...
From the 1901 advertisement for the record label His Master's Voice to
the famous 1929 line 'The pause that refreshes', to De Beers' hugely popular campaign 'A
diamond is forever' put out in 1948, advertisers have aimed at international audiences
...




The American cowboy and masculine trademark of The Marlboro Man, introduced in 1955
and identified with Philip Morris's Marlboro cigarettes, became a worldwide advertising
presence, making Marlboro the best-selling cigarette in the world
...




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