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BIOL 1002 REAL EXAM 2025 PRACTICE QUESTIONS
AND CORRECT ANSWERS/ BIOLOGY 1002 LSU PREP
WITH 300 EXAM PRACTICE QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS
Bacterial cell walls contain ________, which makes them different from other organisms
...
It has a cell membrane,
but the cell wall lacks peptidoglycan
...
The DNA is circular
...

a) Gram stain
b) use of electrophoresis to distinguish unique proteins
c) DNA sequencing
d) centrifugation
e) microscopy
a) gram stain

Which of the following genera contains spherically shaped bacteria?
a) Bacillus
b) Micrococcus
c) Treponema
d) Escherichia
e) Borrelia
b) Micrococcus

Life as we know it cannot flourish on the moon but it might be possible for it to survive
...

c) One cell has given a copy of a plasmid to another cell and kept one copy for itself

From which cell does the sex pilus originate during bacterial conjugation?
a) The donor cell
b) The recipient cell
c) Both the donor cell and the recipient cell
a) The donor cell

We have an expert-written solution to this problem!
T/F: During bacterial conjugation, the recipient cell receives a single-stranded loop of DNA
T
(One strand of the plasmid enters the recipient cell; this strand must be replicated in the recipient
cell to produce a double-stranded plasmid that can replicate independently of the bacterial
chromosome)

We have an expert-written solution to this problem!
Which structure helps bacteria to attach within the tissues that they will infect?
a) Nucleoid
b) Capsule
c) Cell wall
d) Flagella
b) capsule
(The gelatinous capsule that covers some bacteria helps them attach to the tissues that they will
infect)

There are four bacteria in an egg salad that is left out at room temperature
...


a) microbial nutrition, physical appearance, and how they move

What do the sticky layers of protective slime produced by some bacteria enable them to do?
a) Survive extreme conditions for long periods of time
b) Stick together and form biofilms
c) Acquire resistance to antibiotics
d) Move from one location to another
e) Sexually reproduce
b) Stick together and form biofilms

Dental plaque is an example of:
a) bacterial flagella
b) beneficial bacteria
c) an endospore
d) a cell membrane
e) a biofilm
...

d) during conjugation

Binary fission is the method by which bacteria:
a) reproduce
b) metabolize without oxygen
c) acquire genetic variation
d) move to new locations
e) survive extreme conditions for long periods of time
a) reproduce

cyanobacteria obtain energy from
a) digesting cyanide
b) sunlight
c) digesting benzene
d) digesting plants
e) parasitizing viruses
...

d) plasmids

Mutations that improve the survival and reproduction of organisms, and thus contribute to the
evolution of species, arise rapidly in prokaryotes due to their

a) absence of a nucleus
b) sexual reproduction
c) cell wall composition
d) rapid rate of cell division
e) anaerobic metabolism
...
What is the relationship between
this fact and hot springs in Yellowstone National Park?
a) Heat-resistant enzymes can be extracted from heat-resistant bacteria growing in Yellowstone
National Park hot springs
b) Hot springs vary in temperature just like what happens during the polymerase chain reaction
c) Heat-resistant bacteria in hot springs can initiate the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
...

a) Heat-resistant enzymes can be extracted from heat-resistant bacteria growing in Yellowstone
National Park hot springs
(The enzymes are used to drive the polymerase chain reaction)

Why is it that prokaryotic cells evolve more quickly than eukaryotic cells?
a) They are more susceptible to environmental factors than eukaryotic cells
b) They are more advanced than eukaryotic cells
c) Evolution prevents the extinction of the species
d) They are smaller than eukaryotic cells
e) Rapid reproduction provides additional opportunity for mutations that are responsible for genetic
variability
e) Rapid reproduction provides additional opportunity for mutations that are responsible for genetic
variability
(bacteria can divide every 20 minutes)

nodules at the ends of plant roots are:
a) carrying on photosynthesis
b) protecting the plant from viroids
c) intended to hold pathogenic bacteria
d) intended to exchange genetic material between the plant and the bacteria
e) converting nitrogen gas to a form usable by plants
e) converting nitrogen gas to a form usable by plants

intestinal bacteria are necessary for plant-eating animals to digest:
a) proteins
b) nitrogen
c) cellulose
d) carbon dioxide
e) lipids
...

a) carbon
b) sulfur

c) oxygen
d) hydrogen
e) nitrogen
e) nitrogen

We have an expert-written solution to this problem!
Oil spills are sprayed with bacterial cultures in order to:

a) prevent the oil from sticking to wildlife
b) make the oil easier to wash away
c) detoxify the oil
d) kill the bacteria
e) break down the oil
e) break down the oil

________ are used in the production of foods such as yogurt, cheese, and sauerkraut
...


a) Clostridium tetani

Some bacteria have an impact on human nutrition
...
Which of the following best
explains this in terms of natural selection?

a) Antibiotics caused mutations in the bacteria that were exposed to the largest doses of antibiotics

b) Antibiotics caused bacteria to reproduce more quickly than normal

c) Some bacteria began to tolerate the antibiotics, and passed this ability to their offspring

d) Bacteria that happen to have natural resistance to antibiotics survived and reproduced
d) Bacteria that happen to have natural resistance to antibiotics survived and reproduced

We have an expert-written solution to this problem!
what is a microbial cure as described in the HW video?

a) Antibiotics are used to kill all of the infectious bacteria in a person

b) Antibiotics are used only until the patient feels better, therefore reducing the exposure to the
antibiotics

c) Antibiotics are used to treat all infections, whether they are bacterial or viral, in order to bring
about a full cure
...
What will be the result of the continued
application of this antibiotic?

a) Over time, the antibiotic will become less effective at killing the bacteria

b) Over time, the antibiotic will cause mutations in the bacteria

c) Every time the antibiotic is given, it will kill 99% of the bacterial population

d) Eventually, all of the bacterial population will be wiped out
a) Over time, the antibiotic will become less effective at killing the bacteria

What is the concern about using antibacterial and antimicrobial soaps?

a) Antibacterial and antimicrobial products are far more toxic to humans than are antibiotics

b) Antibacterial and antimicrobial products are far more toxic to bacteria than are antibiotics

c) The use of any chemical that kills bacteria can eventually lead to resistance to that chemical in the
population of bacteria

d) Doctors are concerned that people will stop using antibiotics, and start using more antibacterial
and antimicrobial products instead
...


a) single-stranded DNA
b) single-stranded RNA
c) double-stranded DNA
d) double-stranded RNA
e) none of the above
b) single-stranded RNA

Which of these binds to receptor molecules on the host cell membrane
a) a *glycoproteins: outer part-- looks like a plunger*
b) b *lipid bilayer envelope: outermost part of the virus*
c) c * reverse transcriptase: 2 yellow circles in the center of the virus*
d) d *core proteins: purple beads encasing where genetic material is held*
e) e *generic material- viral RNA- coated with proteins: looks like thick squiggle pieces*
a) a
(Glycoproteins on the viral envelope recognize and bind to receptors on the host cell)

What is the function of reverse transcriptase?

a) It catalyzes the formation of a polypeptide from an RNA template

b) It catalyzes the formation of DNA from a polypeptide template

c) It catalyzes the formation of RNA from a polypeptide template

d) It catalyzes the formation of RNA from a DNA template

e) It catalyzes the formation of DNA from an RNA template

e) It catalyzes the formation of DNA from an RNA template

We have an expert-written solution to this problem!
What is the source of a viral envelope?
a) host cell DNA
b) prophages
c) provirus
d) host cell membrane
e) viral glycoproteins
d) host cell membrane

We have an expert-written solution to this problem!
which of these is reverse transcriptase

a) a *glycoproteins: outer part-- looks like a plunger*
b) b *lipid bilayer envelope: outermost part of the virus*
c) c * reverse transcriptase: 2 yellow circles in the center of the virus*
d) d *core proteins: purple beads encasing where genetic material is held*
e) e *generic material- viral RNA- coated with proteins: looks like thick squiggle pieces*
c) c

which of these is the viral genome
a) a *glycoproteins: outer part-- looks like a plunger*
b) b *lipid bilayer envelope: outermost part of the virus*
c) c * reverse transcriptase: 2 yellow circles in the center of the virus*
d) d *core proteins: purple beads encasing where genetic material is held*
e) e *generic material- viral RNA- coated with proteins: looks like thick squiggle pieces*
e) e

Double-stranded viral DNA is incorporated into a host cell as a _____
...
ex: when HIV enters a
host CD4 cell, HIV RNA is first changed to HIV DNA (provirus))

We have an expert-written solution to this problem!
are viruses that only infect bacteria
bacteriophages

The general term for organisms that are capable of producing disease is
pathogen

In the process known as _____________, a single bacterium divides in half, producing two identical
offspring
...

conjugation

is the use of organisms to remove or detoxify toxic substances in the environment
...
It is foreign DNA and is not similar to any of the animal's normal genes
...

b) viral infection

The organism in the figure parasitizes *hint: type of virus with an octagon shaped head*
a) protists
b) animals
c) plants
d) bacteria
e) fungi

d) bacteria

You discover a new particle
...
This particle is a(n)
a) archaea
b) virus
c) bacteria
d) fungus
e) prion
b) virus
(Bacteria and archaea have cytoplasm, and a plasma membrane
prion= folds proteins

T/F:
Viruses contain both DNA and RNA
F

T/F:
Kuru is caused by one of the archaea
F
( kuru is caused by prions)

T/F:
Because viruses have limited genetic material, their mutation rates are very low
F
( they are very fast because of limited genetic material)

Which of the following has no organelles, ribosomes, or cytoplasm?
a) virus
b) cyanobacterium
c) bacterium
d) alga
e) plant
a) virus

Antibiotics can be effective only against a
a) prion
b) virus
c) bacterium
d) viroid
c) bacterium

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy, or mad cow disease, is caused by a
a) bacterium
b) prion
c) virus
d) viroid
e) fungus
b) prion

Which is the correct sequence of viral replication?

a) Penetration - genetic material replication - transcription - protein synthesis - assembly

b) Penetration - genetic material replication - transcription - assembly - protein synthesis

c) Penetration - transcription - assembly - genetic material replication - protein synthesis

d) Genetic material replication - penetration - transcription - assembly - protein synthesis

e) Transcription - penetration - genetic material replication - assembly - protein synthesis
a) Penetration - genetic material replication - transcription - protein synthesis - assembly

We have an expert-written solution to this problem!
hat is a major role of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention?

a) Clean, cook, and chill food for consumption

b) Monitor and report the state of the health of the U
...
citizenry

c) Test and otherwise monitor the drinking water supply in the United States

d) Monitor and investigate bioterrorism in the United States

e) Control health issues for all states within the United States
...
S
...

c) Viruses have a protein coat and viroids do not

(viroids are just strands of RNA)

read the cholera and coronavirus HW article to help answer: You are a doctor working in Cambodia
...
Which of the following would likely be best for you to do first?

a) vaccinate
b) reduce fever
c) rehydrate
d) give an antiviral
d) give an antiviral

We have an expert-written solution to this problem!
Why is cholera much more prevalent in the developing world?
a) Food supplies in the developing world do not have to meet safety standards

b) Contaminated water is more common in the developing world

c) There are far fewer mosquitoes in the developed world

d) Nearly everyone in the developed world has been vaccinated against cholera
b) Contaminated water is more common in the developing world

Which of the following is true regarding cholera and COVID-19?
a) Both are caused by a virus
b) At the time of this article both are in a state of pandemic
c) Both are believed to have originated in India
d) Both are caused by a bacterium
...
Which of the following is most likely?

a) Her gut microbiome is more diverse
b) Her gut microbiome is less diverse
c) Her gut microbiome is affected in unknown ways
d) Her gut microbiome has not changed
...

c) Babies born via C-section

If trends continue, which of the following is most likely?

a) Fecal transplants will be done less frequently
b) Fecal transplants will be done more frequently
c) Fecal transplants will only be done as a last resort
d) Fecal transplants will be banned
...
Which of the following would be best for you to achieve
your goal?

a) Take a myriad of synthetic supplements
b) Eat more dairy and meat products
c) Eat fresh plant foods and fermented foods
d) Eat only a liquid diet for two week
c) Eat fresh plant foods and fermented foods

Bacteria and Archaea are both ___1)___ (prokaryotic/eukaryotic) and ___2)____
(unicellular/multicellular)
...
Nemo discovered a new single-celled organism! Under electron microscope, he saw a freefloating DNA in the cytoplasm of the cell
...
Nemo to find out what he discovered
prokaryote
( free floating DNA)

Dr
...
There was
ribosomes and some organelles like mitochondria and chloroplast seen too! You just learnt BIOL
1002! Help Dr
...

eukaryote

what is the largest bacteria discovered so far?
Thiomargarita magnifica

what other ways can a small cell increase its surface area (without changing its cell size/volume)
change its shape (elongation, flattening, thinning)
folding membrane structure ( increase surface area)

There are two rod shaped cells of two different sizes
...

Which cell will be more energy efficient and why?
Smaller cell is more efficient (larger cell needs more energy and nutrients to sustain)

Can bacteria cell fold its inner cell membranes, or change its shape?
i
...
Which among the two bacteria will take a
longer time to divide and which is slow in its cellular metabolic activities
The larger cell takes longer and is less efficient

(As a cell increases in size, its surface area-to-volume ratio decreases)

Dr
...
Which type of DNA analysis will Dr
...
What does this signify about
Archaea bacteria closeness to Bacteria and Eukarya domains
Some similarities to eukaryotes and prokaryotes

What are extremophiles and why is Archaea so special
Beggiaaota and roseobacteria and nitrosopelagicus

Archea= ocean

archaea vs bacteria
1) has peptidoglycan in cell wall
2) has branched hydrocarbons
3) has histone proteins associated with DNA
4) has introns present
5) has 1 type of RNA polymerase
6) amino acid that that initiates protein synthesis: methionine
7) amino acid that that initiates protein synthesis: formyl methionine
1) bacteria
2) archaea

3) archaea
4) archaea (only in some-- bacteria has 0)
5) bacteria (archaea has several)
6) archaea
7) bacteria

what is a Phylogenetic tree?
a graphic representation of the evolutionary relationships of species, and the phylogenetic distances
among the species reflect the closeness of evolutionary relationships

Dr
...
What data does he need to collect to help him construct a meaningful
phylogenetic tree
16s DNA, gram test, habitat information, cell morphology, protein samples (amino acid sequences)

E
...
Nemo had some raw oysters for lunch and then complained of stomach ache! Which bacteria is
commonly found in raw oysters that could lead to food poisoning
vibrio

While handling raw eggs, which bacteria should we be careful about getting infection from?
salmonella

Dr
...
Nemo be careful about before consuming the lettuce, cabbage
and broccoli in its raw form
E
...
5 μm in diameter encounter grazing
protists 4-6x less often than do larger cells (∼1 μm), and filamentous cells or cells with diameters
greater than 3 μm are often too large for protists to ingest
...
The boundaries are not sharp, of course, and the specific effects vary with
the size ratio between predator and prey
...
However, genetic
sequences and molecular techniques are more specific than classic gram stain
...
coli) and Na+ (Vibrio)
proton motive force
Chemotaxis motility== flagella

Biofilm formation==flagella

what could happen if the genes expressing a bacterial flagellin proteins stop expressing in a bacteria
bacteria would stop movement

Dr
...
How was
he able to do that and why? Think of the sporulation and binary fission
...
In this process, an organism
duplicates its genetic material, or DNA, and then divides into two parts (cytokinesis), with each new
organism receiving one copy of DNA
...

T

what protein do many prokaryotes and some eukaryotic organelles depend on for binary fission?
FtsZ protein
(self-assembles into a membrane-associated ring structure early in the division process)

FtsZ protein is homologous to _________, the building block of the microtubule cytoskeleton in
eukaryotes
tubulin

Many environmental bacteria are able to produce stable dormant, or resting, forms as a branch of
their life cycle to enhance their survival under adverse conditions
sporulation ( interruption (dormant) of cell life cycle

endospores are created by what cell life cycle
sporulation

is cyanobacteria an example of an endospore?
yes (specifically a heterocyst)

The ability to form endospores is found among bacteria in a number of genera, predominantly gram_________ groups
positive

Bacillus is what shape? it is anaerobic or aerobic
rod and aerobic

clostridium is what shape? it is anaerobic or aerobic
rod and anaerobic

T/F:
The formation of a spore occurs in response to nutritional deprivation
T

The spore coat has __________-like properties that are able to resist the lethal effects of heat,
desiccation (dehydration), freezing, chemicals, and radiation
...

T

T/F:
Bacterial spores are the most dormant form of bacteria since they exhibit minimal metabolism and
respiration, as well as reduced enzyme production
...
Cereus

spores are acid-soluble proteins that show high resistance to chemicals and heat
C
...
However, overgrowth of the bacteria due to prolonged
intake of antibiotics (such as fluoroquinolones, clindamycin, and penicillin) disrupts the balance of
colon microbiota, causing pseudomembranous colitis
...
difficile

endospores cause four significant types of botulism syndrome according to the mode of infection ex:
Foodborne botulism is caused by contamination of food with bacterial endotoxin and spores
C
...
tetani

What are some of the factors that an endospore forming bacteria tolerate and resistant to
chemical agents, e
...
, triphenylmethane dyes, and can even protect the bacterial cells against
ultraviolet radiation, extreme pH gradients, drought, and nutrition depletion

Endospores germinate back into vegetative cells (an active bacterial cell that undergoes metabolism)
when surrounding environmental conditions (do not favor/favor) bacterial growth and reproduction
...
Nemo just got a cut from a piece of sharp tool in his 200 years old citadel
...
Nemo
be aware of getting himself exposed to
tetanus

Botox and Honey and Endospores have something in common! What was it that we discussed in
class
botulism

What are the three ways by which bacteria can transfer DNA fragments quickly to other bacterial
species
transformation, transduction, conjugation

_____________is defined by the uptake of DNA from the environment
transformation

_______________relies on phage-mediated transfer of DNA, which could replicate and repackage
itself into phage particles or integrate into the host chromosome
transduction

_____________often transfers plasmids and other conjugative elements by direct contact via a
conjugative pilus
...

1) horizontal
2) direct

T/F:
Many of the tra genes are involved in the construction of long, thin structures (pili) that extend one
to two millimeters from the bacterial surface
T

____________ drives the rapid evolution and adaptation of bacterial strains by mediating the
propagation of various metabolic properties, including symbiotic lifestyle, virulence, biofilm
formation, resistance to heavy metals, and, most importantly, resistance to antibiotics
conjugation

Dr
...
He
tested out his new novel culture of Pseudomonas carrying an oil degradation plasmid and left it for
over a months time! When he came back he isolated other bacterial communities and found that his
novel plasmid in all the bacterial species like Marinobacter and Rugeria! How is that possible
Conjugation (transfer plasmid and other elements from cell to cell directly)

We have an expert-written solution to this problem!

How do some bacteria detoxify Hydrogen peroxide
by using a catalyst to mediate the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide into oxygen and water (usually
seen via bubbles)

How do some bacteria lyse RBC
hemolysin

(Hemolysin is one of the important virulence factors for S
...
aureus

Dr
...
He applied over the counter Hydrogen peroxide solution to disinfect
the wounded area
...
Why do you think hydrogen peroxide did not work
here was a catalyst that detoxified the hydrogen peroxide

We have an expert-written solution to this problem!
T/F:
all strains of bacteria can produce hemolysin toxin

F:
(Not all strains of bacteria can produce hemolysin toxin
...
pneumoniae are generally alpha-hemolytic

T
(usually alpha but can exhibit beta-hemolysis during anerobic incubation)

T/F:
oral streptococci and enterococci are alpha-hemolytic
F:
(they are non-hemolytic and considered gamma types)

T/F:
For a bacterial cell to form a biofilm, it has to first transit from a free floating planktonic cell to a
sessile cell and then into a dispersion cell and then returning to a planktonic cell
T

1) Why does a biofilm of bacterial cell stick to a surface?

2) What kind of material is secreted extracellular out of the cell
1) a
...
it can secrete chemical signals to other microbial
communities to populate and increase the biofilm cell density
...
)

What is Quorum Sensing and how is it related to biofilm
Quorum sensing=Chemical signals sent by bacteria to other microbial communities to increase
biofilm density

A biofilm can be defined as a community of microbes that:
a) Has a physical structure or architecture, like a city

b) Includes many different species interacting together - like a jungle ecosystem

c) Both of the above
c) Both of the above

In natural environments, most microbes live:
a) By themselves, as individual cells

b) Within biofilm communities, alongside many other cells

c) Microbes don't live outside of the laboratory
b) Within biofilm communities, alongside many other cells

What advantages do biofilms provide for the cells that live within them?
a) Protection from harmful chemicals

b) Water and protection from drying out

c) Engagement in cooperative behaviors with the community

d) Attachment within a nutrient-rich area

e) All of the above
e) All of the above

Which of these activities can occur inside biofilm communities?

a) Division of labor among different cell types of one species
b) Communication between cells
c) Transfer of genetic information between cells
d) Competition between cells from different species
e) All of the above
e) All of the above

What best describes the relationship between microbes and humans?
a) Most microbes are dangerous to humans

b) You never know — microbes have about the same chance to harm as they do to help us

c) The vast majority of microbes are not harmful — many are beneficial for our heath and they are a
major part of the global ecosystem, as well as producing much of our food
c) The vast majority of microbes are not harmful — many are beneficial for our heath and they are a
major part of the global ecosystem, as well as producing much of our food

In the lab, microbes are often grown in shaking liquid flasks where they are unable to build a biofilm
and usually grow as single cells
...
Why might one species act to eliminate another species in a biofilm, and how do
microbes kill or slow the growth of competing species?
competition occurs within biofilms when it is invaded by another microbe
...


Approximately how many microscopic beings inhabit our bodies?
A) 100
B) Thousands
C) Millions (or more)
D) None
C) Millions (or more)

What is a cellulolytic bateria's one job?
A) Sort monosaccharides
B) Fight harmful bacteria
C) Eat excess white blood cells
D) Break down cellulose
D) Break down cellulose

As food travels through our digestive tract, it reaches the fermenters
...

T

What happens when a person eats only foods made of simple molecules?
A) Lots of different microbial workers are required to break down the food (causing a much more
diverse gut microbial ecosystem)

B) Only a few microbial workers are required to break down the food (causing a less diverse gut
microbial ecosystem)

C) Scientists are still uncertain exactly what happens to a person because of the foods that he/she
eat

D) All of the above
B) Only a few microbial workers are required to break down the food (causing a less diverse gut
microbial ecosystem)

______ enzyme is important to catalyze and aid in fixation of nitrogen from the atmosphere into soil
Nitrogenase

The reduction of atmospheric nitrogen is a complex process that requires a large input of energy to
proceed
The Nitrogen Fixation Process

T/F:
Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobia and are important for fixing nitrogen fixation in soil
T
(fyI= both are gram negative)

Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobia are found in _________ plant root nodules
nitrogen fixed nodules of vigna angularis

P
...
The P
...
Bacteria trying to use crude oil to survive and increase cells

c
...
Nemo consumed enough yogurt in his diet but his brother did not
...
Nemo will have unlike his brother!
a
...
Digestive health

c
...
Yogurt
ii
...
Cultured buttermilk
iv
...
mechanisms limit DNA degradation
...
preserve genetic integrity
...
epidermidis, S
...
aeruginosa, S
...
epidermidis, S
...
aeruginosa, S
...
aureus

5) E
...
aeruginosa, E
...
epidermidis, S
...
aeruginosa, E
...
epidermidis, S
...
epidermidis, S
...
aeruginosa, S
...
epidermidis, S
...
aeruginosa, S
...
aureus= Total artificial heart

5) E
...
aeruginosa, E
...
epidermidis, S
...
aeruginosa, E
...
epidermidis, S
...
05-0
...
2-10 micro meters

why is the size of viruses important?
a) efficiency
b) filtration
c) class/group determination
d) a and b
e) all of the above
e) all of the above

T/F:
Viruses cannot accomplish basic tasks that living cells perform
T

T/F:
Viruses have ribosomes
F
(viruses do not have ribosomes and cannot make proteins)

T/F:
viruses do not have a cytoplasm
T

T/F:
Viruses have no ability to synthesize organic molecules
T

T/F:
viruses can extract and use energy stored in organic molecules
F
(Viruses have no capacity to extract and use the energy stored in organic molecules)

T/F:
viruses can have both RNA and DNA
F
(can't have both rna AND dna)

T/F:
viruses can evolve but ONLY if they are successful in attaching to a host
T

what is the genetic material of a virus
RNA or DNA surrounded by a protein coat

T/F:
viruses are limited in their shape variety
F
( have a great variety of shapes)

RNA or DNA virus
1) herpes virus
2) SARS
3) influenza (A,B,C,D)
4) smallpox
5) adenovirus
6) papullomavirus
7) common cold
8) Hepatits B
9) Hepatitis C
10 ) polio
1) DNA
2) RNA
3) RNA
4) DNA
5) DNA
6) DNA
7) RNA
8) RNA

9) RNA
10) RNA

part of the viral structure that creates biofilms on the plasma membrane RNA material
glycoproteins

What biomolecules make up the virus (in general)
1) molecule of hereditary material
2) protein coat surround the molecule
3) round lipid-bilayer envelope (formed from plasma membrane) surrounding protein coat
4) single/double stranded DNA/RNA that is circular or linear

in the virus, a round lipid bilayer envelope surrounds the a protein coat
...

The center of the cell has genetic material (viral RNA) coated with protein, and _______2)______,
encased in a layer of core proteins
...
Attachment

2
...
Integration
4
...
Viral assembly
6
...


T/F:
viruses use transcription and translation in viral replication
T

The final mechanism of horizontal gene transfer which uses bacteria viruses to transfer DNA from
one cell to another
transduction

Does the viral genome particle use the host genome in any way to support the formation of new
viral particles
After the virus enters the host cell, the viral genetic material takes command
...
The
pieces are rapidly assembled

What occurs during the "Egress" step in viral replication?
Homogeneous mature virus particles undergo egress through the cellular membrane (step 4)

How does the virus attach to a host cell?
Mediated by viron protein(s) binding to targe-specific host surface molecule(s)-- adhesion receptors
or entry receptors

Does the virus attach species specific host cell?

yes

What property of the host cell surface allows the virus to attach?
viral receptors (ex: adhesion and entry receptors)

__________ receptors are attaching the virus in a reversible manner to target cells or organs
...
They have often be named
"co-receptors
entry

Can virus attach to multiple host receptors? If so how
yes
(-proteins attach to glycans
- glycans bind to lectins
- viral lipids bind to host receptor proteins)

Do these molecules like glycans, lectin, receptor proteins on a host cell membrane help virus bind to
a host cell
yes it allows virus more opportunities to bind

what does the picture show?
*looks like several viruses with octagon shaped head sitting on a large yellow surface*

Several bacteriophages attack the surface of a bacteria via transduction

T/F:
Bacteriophages mediate horizontal gene transfer through a mechanism known as transduction
...
But because millions of
genetically different phages can attack a specific bacterium, it's possible to create phage "cocktails"
to prevent resistance, an approach similar to the use of antiviral drugs to treat HIV

T/F:
Many disease-causing bacteria become resistant to antibiotics, but phages remain effective because
they evolved faster
T

Dr
...
He accidentally spilled the bacteriophage on to a bacterial culture of harmless E
...
coli, could it become antibiotic resistance
2) How could it be possible that E
...
Nemo had flu like symptoms
...
It was due to a RSV viral infection
...
Nemo was recommended
to drink lots of fruit juice and tomato & corn soup and keep hydrated
...
Why is that?
antibiotic are useless against viruses and antiviral drugs are not helpful/beneficial (kills host cell)

Why RNA viruses need this enzyme Reverse transcriptase?
allows RNA virus to become DNA

Why has the antiviral drugs against HIV not been successful?
its an antiviral drug which is lethal to the host as well as the virus

(Made up of inhibitors (non-nucleoside, reverse, nucleoside reverse transcriptase---- keeps RNA HIV
virus from becoming DNA)

Can virus mutate quickly than bacteria?

yes
virus only has exons and does not have introns---it has a shorter DNA sequence)

T/F:
the benefits of most antiviral drugs are limited because many viruses quickly evolve resistance to the
drugs
T

T/F:
mutation rates in viruses are low
F:
they are vary high in viruses

1) what organism mutates the fastest
2) what organism mutates the slowest?
1) viroid (smallest genome)
2) higher eukaryotes (plants/humans)

rank in order the fastest to slowest mutation rates using the following organisms:
rna virus, dsDNA, ssDNA, high eukaryotes, prokaryotes, viroids, lower eukaryotes
1) Viroid (smallest genome)
2) RNA virus
3) ssDNA
4) dsDNA
5) prokaryotes: (bacteria/ archaea)
5) Lower eukaryote: fungi, algae, fungi
6) Higher eukaryotes: plants/Human (largest genome size)

why can viruses mutate faster than bacteria and humans?
1) no introns
2) no repair genes
3) hopeless proofreading
4) high # of viral progenies produced per lytic cycle
5) small viral genome size
6) fewer exons/protein coding/functional genes
7) short replication time

What diseases are caused by viroids
- mad cow disease
- potato spindle tuber viroid
- cucumber pale fruit disease
- avocado sunblotch
- linked to hepatitis D

what is the structure of viroids
circular
RNA only
wavy segment with separated bases

What causes mad cow disease?
prions (infectious proteins that are misfolded)--- this affects the nervous system and takes place in
the brain

Why should we be careful about eating meat contaminated with prion
consuming infected cow CAN cause protein misfolding and dementia
(fyI= if no misfolding occurs then humans have no symptoms)

T/F:
viroids can infect animals
F

_________ are infectious particles that lack a protein coat and consist of nothing more than short,
circular strands of R N A
viroids

T/F:
Viroids can enter the nucleus of a host cell and direct the synthesis of new viroids
T

T/F:
Viral polymerases are more error prone than cellular polymerases
T

The only RNA viruses know to encode for a proofreading are the ___________
coronaviridae

T/F:

Error prone polymerases and no proofreading are responsible for a high viral genome mutation rate
...

T

label the following as RNA, DNA, or protein
1) prions-- mad cow disease
2) Tobacco Mosaic virus
3) Banana bunchy top virus
4) potato spindle tuber viroid
1) protein
2) RNA
3) DNA
4) RNA

name the host for the following:
1) prions-- mad cow disease
2) Tobacco Mosaic virus
3) Banana bunchy top virus
4) potato spindle tuber viroid
1) cow, sheep, elk; humans (if consumed)
2) tobacco, tomato, potato
3) bananas
4) potato

Which species would we expect pathogens to be most likely to jump between?
A) Distantly related species, in the same environment

B) Closely related species, in the same environment

C) Closely related species, in different environments

D) Distantly related species, in different environments
B) Closely related species, in the same environment

Given equal exposure, which species might we expect to be the greatest source of emerging
infectious diseases in humans?
A) Chimpanzees
B) Dogs
C) Cats
D) Daffodils
A) Chimpanzees

When a virus mutates this:
A) Helps the virus adapt to a new host
B) Can have no effect, be detrimental, or can be beneficial and help the virus adapt to its new host
C) Causes an outbreak
B) Can have no effect, be detrimental, or can be beneficial and help the virus adapt to its new host

What does a virus need to bind to before it can enter host cells?
A) Host receptors
B) Immune cells
C) Host DNA
A) Host receptors

Where are viruses found?

A) Mostly in primates
B) Mostly in humans
C) In almost every form of life
C) In almost every form of life

What steps are required for a pathogen to infect a novel host species?
(i) host shift, in which the jump is followed by specialization on the novel host and loss of infectivity
of the original donor host(s)

(ii) increased host range, in which the jump expands the number of host species that the pathogen
can infect
...
nemo created a plasmid with oil degradation genes
...
Cannot find endospores
thermos aquatacus

dr
...
This bacterium can tolerate gamma
radiation (kill humans)
...
Do
not form endospores
denococus radius

dr
...
He had to consume raw oysters to
survive

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