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BIOL 1003 REAL EXAM 2025 PRACTICE QUESTIONS
AND CORRECT ANSWERS/ BIOLOGY 1002 LSU PREP
TEST BANK WITH 500 EXAM PRACTICE QUESTIONS
AND CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS
An individual who is a carrier for a sex-linked trait, such as hemophilia, has what trait?
a
...

b
...

c
...

d
...

e
...
shows the dominant phenotype

A color-blind boy has a mother with normal vision and a color-blind father
...
father
b
...
either mother or father
d
...
) mother

Codominance occurs when what happens?
a
...

b
...

c
...

d
...

e
...
) both of the alleles in a heterozygote are
expressed phenotypically in an individual

Which of the following conditions causes may cause infertility in a human?
a
...
XYY
c
...
XY
e
...
) XXY

The failure of chromosomes to segregate properly during meiosis is called what?
a
...

b
...

c
...

d
...

e
...
- CORRECT ANSWER-A
...
True or False?
a
...
FALSE - CORRECT ANSWER-B
...
A NON color-blind woman (whose
father is color-blind) marries a color-blind man
...
0%
b
...
50%
d
...
100% - CORRECT ANSWER-C
...
cystic fibrosis
...
Down syndrome
...
hemophilia
...
color blindness
...
NONE of the above - CORRECT ANSWER-D
...
(23rd)

Autosome gene - CORRECT ANSWER-a chromosome that occurs in homozygous pairs in both
males and females and that does not bear the genes determining sex

The function of the promoter is to signal the RNA polymerase to do what?
a
...
b
...

c
...
d
...
RNA
...
protein
...
carbohydrate
...
lipid
...
single-stranded DNA
...
fatty acids in a fat molecule
...
amino acids in a protein molecule
...
sugars in a polysaccharide molecule
...
bases in a protein
molecule
...
NONE of the above answers - CORRECT ANSWER-B

The nitrogenous base uracil pairs with which base?
a
...

b
...

c
...

d
...

e
...
- CORRECT ANSWER-B

Which of the following is found in RNA but NOT in DNA?

a
...
uracil
c
...
phosphate groups
e
...
ribosomal RNA
b
...
messenger RNA
d
...
RNA polymerase - CORRECT ANSWER-D

"Gene expression" is a term that relates to what?
a
...

b
...

c
...

d
...

e
...
- CORRECT ANSWER-D

Which of the following has anticodons?
a
...
DNA
c
...
transfer RNA
e
...
(healthy
but could pass the trait on to their children)

Evolution - CORRECT ANSWER-is the change over time in the characteristics of a population
(not individuals)

Uniformitarianism - CORRECT ANSWER-geologic change resulted from slow,continuous, actions
similar to those at work today

Homologous structure - CORRECT ANSWER-similar anatomy but very different uses Ex: bird and
mammalian forelimbs

Analogous structure - CORRECT ANSWER-very different anatomy but similar uses Ex: Insect and
bird wings

Which of the following are vestigial structures?

a
...
vertebral columns in snakes
c
...
wings of bats
e
...
This fact illustrates what?

a
...

b
...

c
...
- CORRECT ANSWER-A

Which of the following supports the idea that all organisms share a common ancestry?

a
...

b
...

c
...

d
...

e
...
- CORRECT

ANSWER-E
If a woman learns to speak many languages, her children will inherit fluency in many languages
...
TRUE
b
...
Lyell
b
...
Buffon
d
...
Aristotle - CORRECT ANSWER-A

Which of the following statements about mutations is TRUE?

a
...

b
...

c
...

d
...

e
...
- CORRECT ANSWER-E

What is the strong evidence for the common ancestry of all vertebrates?

a
...

b
...

c
...

d
...

e
...
- CORRECT ANSWER-C

Some animal species found in caves have tiny, nonfunctional eyes
...
analogous structures
...
homologous structures
...
vestigial structures
...
mutations
...
If mating occurs, the pregnancy will not succeed because the embryos fail to develop properly
...
temporal isolation
...
hybrid inviability
...
hybrid infertility
...
hybrid vigor
...
gametic incompatibility
...
behavioral isolation
...
temporal isolation
...
mechanical incompatibility
...
hybrid inviability
...
allopatric separation
...
extinct organisms
...
sympatric populations
...
allopatric populations
...
polyploid populations
...
species resulting from adaptive radiation
...
Why so?

a
...

b
...

c
...

d
...


e
...
- CORRECT ANSWER-A

Two species of snails are physically unable to mate
...
geographic isolation
...
ecological isolation
...
behavioral isolation
d
...

e
...
- CORRECT ANSWER-E

When two organisms reach sexual maturity at different times, it is an example of what process?

a
...

b
...

c
...

d
...

e
...
- CORRECT ANSWER-A

distinguish between anaphases in mitosis and meiosis in realtion to the separation of chromosomes
- CORRECT ANSWER-chromosomal pairs only separate in meiotic division 1, where in mitosis,
single chromosomes are separated into sister chromatids, and in mitosis 2, the same process
basically happens, they become single chromatids
...


sympatric speciation - CORRECT ANSWER-The formation of a new species as a result of a
genetic change that produces a reproductive barrier between the changed population (mutants) and
the parent population
...


parapatric speciation - CORRECT ANSWER-the evolution of new species within a spatially
extended population that still has some gene flow

what sort of condition is haemophilia? - CORRECT ANSWER-sex-lined X chromosome recessive

what does the term carrier mean in the context of diseases by comparison to affected? - CORRECT

ANSWER-carrier means that they are likely carrying one copy of a gene, though they might not be
expressing the disease/phenotypical outcome, likely recessive allele
...
e
...
horses, donkeys and
their offspring the mule
...
g
...


what are the different classifications of pre-zygotic barriers? - CORRECT ANSWER-mechanistic,
ecological and behavioural

What is a chromosome? - CORRECT ANSWER-

when are chromosomes present cells, what are they doing otherwise? - CORRECT ANSWER-

what are the parts of a chromosome - CORRECT ANSWER-

what are chromatids? - CORRECT ANSWER-Chromatids are half the X that makes up a
chromosome, whereby chromosomes are composed of 2 identical halves called chromatids that are
held together at the centromere

when are chromosomes separated? - CORRECT ANSWER-anaphase 1 of meiosis

when are chromatids separated? - CORRECT ANSWER-anaphase of mitosis, and anaphase 2 of
meiosis

what is the centromere? - CORRECT ANSWER-The centromere holds the sister chromatids
together , serving as an attachment site for the spindle fibres to attach to during divisions

What are telomeres? - CORRECT ANSWER-protective caps at the ends of each chromosome arm
that maintain the integrity of the chromosomes and prevent them from unravelling

what is the kinetochore? - CORRECT ANSWER-structure of proteins attached to the centromere
that enables the mitotic spindle to attach

what are the three shapes of chromosomes, and what do they all look like (generally) - CORRECT

ANSWER-metacentric, telocentric, and acrocentric
What does haploid mean? - CORRECT ANSWER-organisms that have 1 set of chromosomes (1
set of each chromosome)

Diploid - CORRECT ANSWER-human genomes, whereby there are 2 sets of each chromosome

is it possible to get more than 2 sets of chromosomes in a karyotype for a species? - CORRECT

ANSWER-yes, we have triploid, tetrapoloid, hexaploid etc
...
where n
can be greater than 1 in other species, and the number predeceasing n can also be different,
depending on the number of chromosomes in body cells compared to gametes
...
g
...


what does it mean to be dioecious compared to hermaphroditic - CORRECT ANSWER-dioecious
means that sexes are separate in separate individuals, and hermaphroditic means that there are
both male and female reproductive systems in one specimen
...


what are the other "big deal genes" on the Y chromosome - CORRECT ANSWER-the SRY gene
and the Eif2s3y gene - if these two genes were placed in an organism, that organism would be male
...
e
...


SRY gene relates to the development of
...
- CORRECT ANSWER-sperm development and production

do the genes of the X chromosome have counterparts on the Y chromosome? - CORRECT

ANSWER-mostly not, the X chromosome has 153 million base pairs, the Y only has bout 50 million
that add up to about 12 genes

What is Turner Syndrome? - CORRECT ANSWER-female presentation with only 1 X
chromosome, aneuploidy
- will not cause cascade into maleness development, but lack of second X chromosome can also
result in infertility or abnormal developmental effects
...
due to the Y chromosome carrying the SRY gene and the added
bonus of the eif2s3y gene
...


is sex always a 50/50 split? - CORRECT ANSWER-generally when based on chromosomes
assume that there will be a 50/50 split, but consider that this is not always the biological or
evolutionary advantage

consider the haplodiploid sex determination in ants and bees - CORRECT ANSWER-

tetrahymena example of sex divisions - CORRECT ANSWER-

how do crocodiles and turtles differ in the sex determination of offspring? - CORRECT ANSWER-

barramundi sex changes - CORRECT ANSWER-

bearded dragon sex switching - CORRECT ANSWER-

Mitosis - CORRECT ANSWER-the form of cellular divison where the same number of
chromosomes is maintained by the end of the division process - for somatic cells

Meiosis - CORRECT ANSWER-cell division that produces 4 daughter cells that have half of the
original number of chromosomes, i
...
4 haploid cells

how is prophase 1 of meiosis different to that in mitosis? - CORRECT ANSWER-genetic material
becoems exchanged and recombined in order to create new combinations of genetic inforation in
daughter cells
...


in crossing over, what is exchanged? - CORRECT ANSWER-alleles of the same gene

what is a recombination hotspot - CORRECT ANSWER-where recombination events are more
likely to occur, at specific gene sequences

homologous recombination is a source of - CORRECT ANSWER-genetic diversity, but also the
opportunity for mutations to occur due to the requirement for breakages and perfect alignment,
large deletions can occur and result in aneuploidy
...


stages of mitosis - CORRECT ANSWER-

stages of meiosis - CORRECT ANSWER-

meiosis 2 is only fully complete - CORRECT ANSWER-at fertilisation

between the different types of cell division, what would be the evolutionary advantage of one over
another? - CORRECT ANSWER-consider that meiosis involves recombination of allele
combinations during crossing over and recombination events through chiasma formation, resulting
in genetic exchange and therefore more variation

does having lots of genes = more efficient as chaisma formation? - CORRECT ANSWER-no,
consider that perhaps an organism has lots of genes so that there can be the most opportunities for
recombination events to occur, perhaps needed because the chiasma formation is really innefficient
...
e
...
humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes, 46 total, 2 to the power of 23
accounts for one individiual, but when it takes 2ppl to mate, then the different combinations
(without considering crossover events) is 2 to the power of 23 x 2 to the power of 23

Mendellian Genetics - CORRECT ANSWER-the understanding of how characteristics are
transmitted form parent to off spring

mendel's 3:1 ratio - CORRECT ANSWER-what happens when 2 heterozygotes are crossed
together, 3 dominant phenotypes and 1 recessive phenotype

what are 3 examples of recessive disorders in humans - CORRECT ANSWER-albinism,
phenylketonuria and beta thalassemia

describe inheritance patterns observed in autosomal recessive traits - CORRECT ANSWERgenerations are skipped
sexes are affected equally
most often seen in offspring of consanguineous marriages

dominant disorders in humans e
...
- CORRECT ANSWER-achondroplasia (type of dwarfism)
Huntington's disease

patterns of inheritance observed in autosomal dominant traits - CORRECT ANSWER-generations
are never skipped
sexes are affected equally

what are the cases in which Mendel's laws are broken - CORRECT ANSWER-incomplete
dominance, codominance and sex-linked traits

What are Mendel's Laws? - CORRECT ANSWER-1
...
Law of Segregation
3
...
e
...
pink snapdragons

Codominance - CORRECT ANSWER-situation in which both alleles of a gene contribute to the
phenotype of the organism eg
...
black and white speckled chickens), Incomplete Dominance - a mixed
phenotype is observed (ex
...
- CORRECT

ANSWER-is reliant on which level you are looking at, e
...
ecological interaction level, incomplete
dominance might be labelled, even though on a microscopic level, there is red and white expression
causing pink to appear on the large scale

X-chromosome sex linked traits examples - CORRECT ANSWER-haemophilia A and B, and redgreen colourblindness

patterns of recessive X-linked sex linked traits in inheritance - CORRECT ANSWER-occurs
entirely or primarily in males

skips generations
passed from carrier mother to son, will always be expressed in males if they are carriers

what is a population - CORRECT ANSWER-a group of freely interbreeding organisms that belong
to the same species

Gene flow refers to - CORRECT ANSWER-the movement of genes between populations as a
result of migration or gamete dispersal
- there is the introduction of new alleles, mating occurs and new alleles occur, no inherant direction,
but will result in advantage to some and not to others
...
5, and
p(Y) = 0
...
5x0
...
25
...
25+0
...
5

What is the Hardy-Weinberg Law? - CORRECT ANSWER-states that allele and genotype
frequencies in a population will remain constant from generation to generation in the absence of the
evolutionary influences stated in the assumptions of the HW law

governing the Hardy Weinberg Law - CORRECT ANSWER-that genotype frequency if any given
population is determined by the allelic frequency of the previous generation, not by the genotype
frequency
...


if a trait within the population is NOT following HW, it may be - CORRECT ANSWER-evolving,
mutating, selectively mating, migrating, becoming extinct
...


how might we commonly define evolution - CORRECT ANSWER-change in frequency of alleles
within a population

what are the two umbrella categories of phenomena that causes changes in allelic frequencies over
time? - CORRECT ANSWER-Random sampling effects,
selection types

Random sampling effects types - CORRECT ANSWER-genetic drift, bottlenecks, founder effects
...

- usualyl results in a loss of genetic variation, and is more marked in small populations

genetic bottlenecks - CORRECT ANSWER-occur when a population's size goes through a drastic
reduction in time and then recovers
- a genetic drift that affects a single population
- loss of genetic variation resulting from a random event affecting those there right place right time
...
e
...

foxes in Australia
moon children with albinism in Kuna Yala, Panama

what are the types of selection that cause temporal changes to allelic frequencies? - CORRECT

ANSWER-directional selection, stabilising selection, and disruptive selection
directional selection - CORRECT ANSWER-the form of seelction that favours one end of the
distribution curve and variation, where those in the middle and on the other side are disadvantaged

example of directional selection - CORRECT ANSWER-Peppered moths in the industrial
revolution

why does directional selection tend to become stabilising? - CORRECT ANSWER-when there is a
distribution, e
...
in baby weights, where smaller babies tend not to survive, so we would say that
bigger is better, but we will see that eventually we will get to weights where the advantage for
survival is no longer there, and weight becomes disadvantageous, there will be directional selection
in a way that results in the stabilisation of the range of advantaged traits
...


what is an example of the heterozygote advantage? - CORRECT ANSWER-sickle cell anaemia
...


stabilizing selection - CORRECT ANSWER-form of selection type that favours those closest to the
middle ground of the distribution, and those with more variation to the median are at a
disadvantage
- the most beneficial trait to the environment is that which sits in the middle of the bell curve, and
favoured
...


other recessive conditions where heterozygote advantage is hypothesised - CORRECT ANSWERphenylketonuria (ochratoxin resistance)

cystic fibrosis (cholera resistance, lactose tolerance, lead poisoning resistance, and increased
fertility/fecundity

disruptive/diversifying selection - CORRECT ANSWER-selection that favours phenotypes at
different ends of a distribution, most often leading to speciation

examples of disruptive selection - CORRECT ANSWER-Darwin's finches, Rheus' factor in humans
...
g
...


what are the big questions in studies of evolution? - CORRECT ANSWER-Unity: the underlying
similarities
Diversity: why so much variation, speciation process
Design: complexity and design to fit a problem

when we talk about fitting the environment and adapting, what are the considerations within the
environment that we are talking about? - CORRECT ANSWER-physical attributes such as heat
and colours
predators and prey availability
parasites
mates and rivals
parents and offspring
helpers and helped
...


What is an adaptation? - CORRECT ANSWER-inherited aspects of individuals that allow them to
outcompete other members of the same species that lack, or have a different version of that trait
...


microevolution - CORRECT ANSWER-changes in the genetics of a population over time

macroevolution - CORRECT ANSWER-broad patterns of evolution above the species level that
enables us to understand how new populations arise, including speciation and extinction

what is the difference between random changes and directed changes - CORRECT ANSWERrandom changes (such as genetic drift, bottleneck, founder etc) occur irrespective of the
enviornment that the population is in, compared to the directed changes that result from selection
occuring due to the environments within which a population exists
...


for evolution by natural selection to occur, we require 3 conditions: - CORRECT ANSWER-1
...
heritability
3
...


once these are present, the population will evolve in the direction of traits that increase fitness
(number of descendents)

fitness refers to - CORRECT ANSWER-the expected reproductive success of an individuals with a
particular phenotype

fitness components - CORRECT ANSWER-survival to breeding age,
mating success
fecundity

disease resistance etc
...
g
...


on a graph, what does fitness look like in relation to time to fixation of an allele - CORRECT

ANSWERwhy is time until fixation variant on dominance/codominance/recessive? think about the
snapdragon example where red > pink > white for fitness
...
if the allele was recessive, then it would require 2
copies of the allele to be expressed, therefore selection for it would result in fixation occuring much
faster because you would only be chosing for that allele
...


natural selection due to human-induced changes - CORRECT ANSWER-urbanisation, pesticides,
antibiotics, light and noise pollution, industrialisation

- these are all examples of human-induced natural selection, but there is no purposeful selection so
it is not artificial selection - has no specific pre-deifned goal
...


what is frequency dependent selection - CORRECT ANSWER-when the fitness of a trait depends
on what other individauals are doing
...
g
...
the evolution of mechanisms and mechanisms to
defeat those evolved mechanisms are dependent on one another and never ending

positive frequency dependence - CORRECT ANSWER-the common types are favoured
- standing out from the crowd makes it easier to be singled out, will often result in rare type
becoming completely eliminated

Mullerian mimicry - CORRECT ANSWER-Evolution of two species, both of which are
unpalatable/poisonous etc
...


batesian mimicry - CORRECT ANSWER-when a harmless species evolves to look like the
unpalatable one as a defence mechanism against predators
...

- seelction advantages that cannot be explained through life/death survival advantage
...


why does survival of the fittest idea pose a problem to evolution? - CORRECT ANSWER-if only
the fittest survived, then this would thus lead to fixation of traits such that only those who were
always suited to the environment the best would survive
...


what are possible answers for ways that genetic variation is maintained? - CORRECT ANSWERnegative-frequency dependent selection;
heterozygote advantage;
mutations,
gene flow
temporal fluctuations in selection relating to variation within the environment itself
...
e
...

there is variation in traits among individuals
2
...

this is different to saying that evolution is occurring because there is not the 3rd condition, of
heritbility
...
e
...


we study behaviour using Tinbergen's 4 questions, what are they? - CORRECT ANSWERfunction, evolution, causation and development

what sort of questions do these 4 questions cover - CORRECT ANSWER-proximate and ultimate
questions

Proximate questions of behavior - CORRECT ANSWER-explain how and what of the organisms
behaviour - describes mechanisms and ontogeny

ultimate questions of behaviour - CORRECT ANSWER-explain why and when

what are the three ways that we are able to test whether behaviour is inheritable - CORRECT

ANSWER-1
...
cross breeding experiments
3
...


consider blackcap migration, what were the ways in which this was tested, and what was shown? -

CORRECT ANSWER-migratory restlessness in cages

crossbreeding directionality
migration tendencies altered/lost across time with the anthropocene - showing real time evolution
...


foraging benefits of group living: - CORRECT ANSWER-shared vigilance, lower vigilance meaning
more foraging time

consider the information and learning benefit - CORRECT ANSWER-local enhancement: copying
where others feed

what is the information centre hypothesis - CORRECT ANSWER-Central nesting area, birds will
live together and tell each other where the food is - essentially gaining information at the grouping
site

sociality associated with group living also enables
...


how can group living be considered a cost with predators - CORRECT ANSWER-more individuals
within the group can result in the attraction of predators, e
...
bait balls schools of fish for seals
...


what is the concept of ideal free distribution - CORRECT ANSWER-this refers to the idea of
adjusting where we are in space in order to adjust for the amount of food - i
...
distribute in a way
that makes sense for the availability of resources
...


are larger groups better at solving problems as well? is this a benefit - CORRECT ANSWER-if we
consider that larger groups, say for example, more areas of expertise, skill pool hypothesis, diversity
of thought,

how has cultural expansion pushed population capacities? - CORRECT ANSWER-the agricultural
and indiustrial revolutions have increased the population capacity due to the increased production
of consumables etc
...


We have in a table, 4 different relationships relating to cooperation and alturism in the animal
kingdom - CORRECT ANSWER-Actor benefits and recipient benefits: cooperative relaitonship
actor benefits and recipient is harmed: selfish behaviour
actor is harmed and the recipient is harmed: spiteful relationship
if the actor is harmed and the recipient benefits: alturistic behaviour
...


what is the idea of tit for tat or reciprocal alturism - CORRECT ANSWER-when the members in
the relationship take it in turns, for example with predator inspection by guppies, neither will go
alone, and they will onyl maks moves when the other does
...


how does this iterated prisoners dilema nod to the need for kinship - CORRECT ANSWERshowing that establishment of trust enables cooperation to be maintained, where preferential
cooperation will occur for those that there are strong bonds for, resulting in both parties being
enabld to gain mutual benefits
...
we have to cosndier the dynamics
with specialists and generalists
...


if we compare images of levels of disturbance of corals in a coral reef - CORRECT ANSWER-we
can see that with no disturbance, then it can result in the overgrowth of one species usually the
specialist, with an intermediate amount of disturbance, you are going to get an optimal amount of
biodiversity due to their being greater variation in the base species that enables a greater number of
species that are part of building on that ecosystem to be enabled to grow there as well
...


what are examples of forms of disturbance - CORRECT ANSWER-wind, cyclones and climatic and
weather events, predation, can also see purposeful interventions by snorklers paid to sweep and
disturb the ecosystem
...
g
...

seasonality is another form of disturbance that is important to consider
...


what is the sort of diversity that we call when there is basiclly nodisturbance? - CORRECT

ANSWER-a monoculture of aspecies
if you have zero predation - CORRECT ANSWER-also not good compared to having too much
predation because it will also result in a monoculture and huge biomass, but compared to
biodiversity it will be little
...
i
...

when there is a balance between specialists and generalists

biodiversity primarily regards - CORRECT ANSWER-the abundance of species

what is a keystone species? - CORRECT ANSWER-a species defined as having tha largest number
of significnat interactions within an ecosystem, they are vital for maintaining the diversity of
ecosystems and can exist at any level of the food chain/web

provide an example of a keystone species - CORRECT ANSWER-Menhaden and balance of the
blue-green algae
- menhaden thought to be overabundant and out-competing other speceis
...
resulting in an overabundance of neurotoxic blue-green algae because as
it turns out, these Menhaden took a large amount of responsibility in consuming this algae and stop
its overgrowth - using up oxygen in the water in the formation of an algal growth
...


what is the abundance of species determined by in population ecology - CORRECT ANSWERvital rates

what are vital rates? - CORRECT ANSWER-birth and death (mortality) rates

what are life history traits? - CORRECT ANSWER-Fundamental characteristics of species that
directly relate to survival and reproduction - adaptations that affect Vital Rates

life history traits come in different categories of strategies, what are these? - CORRECT

ANSWER-survivorship and mortality, have type 1, 2 and 3,
and reproductive strategies
...
g
...
e
...
squirrels

what is type 1 survival? - CORRECT ANSWER-mortality rate accelerates, death accelerates near
older age where we put a lot of energy into their development when we are young
...
g
...
shows that we have the different types of survival
...


what are some of the reproductive strategies that we discuss in relation to life history traits? -

CORRECT ANSWER-number of offspring,
parental care
life span
size of offspring
survival rate
competition
...
g
...


how can we remember the R vs K strategist? - CORRECT ANSWER-K for constance
R for Rampant

R and K strategists and type of species? - CORRECT ANSWER-K strategists are more likely to be
specialists, compared to R species that are more likely to be generalists
- the ways of survivorhsip are different as well, if we consider the trade-offs that are present in the
evolution of cognition, we consider the energetic compensation with larger brains and smaller
brains, the amount of energy available for reproduction/time available etc
...


what is an important consideration with life history traits? - CORRECT ANSWER-where are the
different species placing emphasis on energy expenditure? consider the energy investment that it
takes in order to birth and raise young for different species!

examples of K strategists - CORRECT ANSWER-beluga whales, pigs

examples of R strategists - CORRECT ANSWER-rodents, insects, fruit flies

How would you summise William's demographic theory of optimum reproduction? - CORRECT

ANSWER-essentially, it is obvious that there is a direct correlation between the amount of
reproductive effort physiologically, and actual physiological health - i
...
the somatic costs of
reproduction reduces the amount of future fecundity

what is the breakdown of William's demographic theory of optimum reproduction - CORRECT

ANSWER-1
...
these somatic costs reduce future fecindity, the probability of breeding again
3
...
this tradeoff is optimised by natural seelction

our point of death is a consequence of
...


what are some circumstances where reproduction might be favoured at the expense of future
survival and reproduction, i
...
fecundity? - CORRECT ANSWER-- when being big is risky, e
...

guppie, or dusky antechinus
- when breeding is only possible in a hostile environment

- when extreme investments are required for success - male tarantulas

population growth is determined by vital rates to give us - CORRECT ANSWER-growth rate (r) =
birth rates (b) - death rates (m), i
...
this provides us with the difference between the birth and death
numbers

what will different growth rates (r) indicate to us about the population size - CORRECT

ANSWER-if r=0, then there is no growth occurring
if r>0, population is increasing in size
if r<0, then population is decreasing in size
...
- CORRECT ANSWER-identify whether a
popultion is successful in its evolutionary efforts at that given moment in time, because if seeing a
population decline, it means that we are losing genetic diversity, meaning that losing alleles from a
population and therefore likely to be less able to respond to enviromental changes in the
environment
...
e
...
e
...
e
...
e
...
there is also consideration of
sexual selection, reproductive ages,

how do you calculate the number of births in any given population - CORRECT ANSWER-birth
rate x the size of the population

how do you calculate the number of deaths in a population - CORRECT ANSWER-mortality rate
x the number of individuals within a population
...
- CORRECT ANSWER-K - a value that indicates the carrying capacity

K, i
...
the carrying capacity, is indicative of - CORRECT ANSWER-the limitations posed by
availability of resources of a given environment
...
e
...


the carrying capacity - CORRECT ANSWER-is how many individuals the environment can actually
sustain, or the largest number of individuasl that that population will increase to

in an environment where the carrying capacity is K and the population is N - CORRECT ANSWERK-N additional individuals can be accommodated, meaning the maximal carrying capacity (-) the
present number of individuals, the leeft over remaining is how much more can be taken before
running out of resources
...


K and N dynamics - CORRECT ANSWER-when N=K, then (K-N)/K = 0, growth stops
when N>K, then (K-N)/K <0, growth is negative
if N<
when we introduce reality elemtns to our population growth calculations, we usually gain
...
e
...
growth will eventually slow down, not do negative,

when there is wavering lines over the maximum on logistic growth curves, this indicates that there is
- CORRECT ANSWER-overshoot in the population, where growth has exceeded the carrying
capacity of the population, resulting in a maxing out of resources

it is really important for species to have a form of inbuilt recognition regarding their carrying
capacity, where some species will only not exceed their capacities due to natural weather patterns
and predation that is seasonably enabled, what is an example of a species that has internalised
indication of carrying capacity (or as it seems) - CORRECT ANSWER-paramecium, produce a
chemical that becomes fed back to them, where they are able to constantly able to check the
chemical composition of their environment as being representative of food abundance

locusts in-built recognition of carrying capacity - CORRECT ANSWER-green when not interacting
with many other locusts, when resources are abundant, but when beginning to interact with more
locusts in the environment then they rub their legs together, lots of rubbing results in the switching
of colouration genes, resulting in becoming wasp-like colous

relationship between K and rMax - CORRECT ANSWER-K is the limitation on your fundamental
niche, and rMax is the intrinsic rate of growth of the fundamental niche of the organism

Grifiths experiment (molecular genetics) - CORRECT ANSWER-identified that somehow,
information about being a nasty bacteria was being transferredgenetic information is carried in
molecules - pneumococcus and mouse system

Avery-MacLeod-McCarty experiment - CORRECT ANSWER-Identified DNA as the transforming
principle as opposed to just proteins - the molecule that carries the genetic information pneumococcus and mouse system

Hershey-Chase Experiment - CORRECT ANSWER-confirmation that the molecule is definately
DNA through the use of the bacteriophage and E
...


what are Chargaff's rules - CORRECT ANSWER-identified the presence of 4 different kinds of
nitrogenous bases, and that A and T are equal, and that C and G are equal
...


watson and crick - CORRECT ANSWER-monopolised on Chargass's rules and Franklin's discovery
of the double helix to create the form of the double helix
...
furthermore, the sugar phosphate backbone is built by phosphodiaster bonds
that are very strong bonds that are energy-requiring, therefore we know that cells and cellular
processes must go into the process of forming DNA molecules because of the needed provision of
energy
...


what sorts of bonds connect the paired bases? - CORRECT ANSWER-hydrogen bonds - these are
fairly weak bonds of attraction that form spontaneously when there are corresponding base pairs
...

making the replication process easier

what makes the DNA ladder into the helix shape? - CORRECT ANSWER-the phosphate backbone
is hydrophilic, and the bases are hydrophobic
...


What is the central dogma? - CORRECT ANSWER-it is a statement that summarizes how
information flows in one direction from DNA to RNA to proteins
...

both DNA and RNA monomers involve phosphodiaster bonds, and protiens involve peptide bonds

protein structure and functions are dependent on - CORRECT ANSWER-particular sequences of
amino acids
...


how do changes in the genotype result in changes in a phenotype - CORRECT ANSWER-we know
that proteins are the products of genes, and proteins are structural, functional and regulational
...


example of TYRP1 mutation - CORRECT ANSWER-single mutations in the gene called the TYRP1
causes changes to the production of melanin, a brown pigment protein that causes colouration of
coats
...
it is a single base change
...

5 prime carbon, the carbon sticks to the strand on the 5th carbon, and the 3 prime end, the carbon
sticks to the 3rd carbon
...


what experiment showed this semi-conservative replication? - CORRECT ANSWER-Meselson
and Stahl
experiment showed that in daughter cells, each new DNA strand produced showed one strand of
original DNA, and one as a result of copying mechanisms
...


What is dNTP? - CORRECT ANSWER-deoxynucleotide triphosphate - provides energy and
building blocks

what is required for DNA synthesis? - CORRECT ANSWER-template strand, dNTPs, enzymes

DNA helicase - CORRECT ANSWER-acts to melt and unwind hydrogen bonds between
nucleotide base pairs creating a replication fork

topoisomerase - CORRECT ANSWER-prevents the supercoiling ahead of the replication fork by
cutting strands, releasing the torsion, strands can later be rejoined

how does the locations of DNA replication differ between bacterial and eukaryotic cells
...
compared to eukaryotic cells, where it
is common to have multiple different origins of replication along a DNA strant
...


DNA polymerase with exonuclease - CORRECT ANSWER-DNA polymerase posesses a 3' to 5'
exonuclease activity, whereby provided crucial proofreading function that enables DNA replication
to be accurate
...
if the enzyme and strand fit
properly, then new dNTPs can be brought in in order to join the existing strand

if template DNA strands are read from 5' to 3', what direction does DNA polymerase add new
nucleotides to? - CORRECT ANSWER-new nucleotides are added to the 3' carbon of the sugar of
an existing strand
...


what is the importance of having a primer? - CORRECT ANSWER-DNA polymerase is only able to
stick dNTP onto existing strands, and therefore the enzyme requires a starting point to stick onto in
order to carry out the rest of the synethsis
...


after polymerase has attached itself
...
- CORRECT ANSWER-DNA polymerase
must move away from the replication fork, in the opposite direction to newly exposed sequence of
DNA, therefore a different process must occur

Lagging strand of DNA - CORRECT ANSWER-discontinuous fragmented DNA synthesis through
the formation of okazaki fragments
...


outline the process of synthesis on the lagging strand
...
primase
synthesising RNA primer
2
...
DNA polymerase 3moves back onto another primer region to synthesise another fragment
5 DNA polymerase 1 replaces the RNA primers
6
...


so therefore what is the difference between DNA polymerase 3 and 1 - CORRECT ANSWERpolymerase 3 is the major polymerase, synthesising fragments and strands of DNA, and polymerase
1 replaces primers with DNA
...
e
...


how do nucleotide bases differ in the formation of RNA compared to DNA - CORRECT ANSWERin transcription, the sequecne that forms an RNA strand will replace T with a U, meaning that A pairs
with U instead of T
...
because it is single stranded it measn
that it can take on various forms (consider tRNA) and can have enzymatic activity due to flexibility
...
furthermore, RNA does not have to carry a
complete set o the DNA copied genome, whereby depending on the needs of the different cells that
it might be travelling to,

RNA turns information into action - CORRECT ANSWER-where DNA is inert and stable and
always in the same form, RNA allows information to turn into form and function by being able to
travel out of the cell, being in ultiple forms, unstable and mobile being able to travel outside of the
nucleus

transcription results in the formation of
...
enzyme -

CORRECT ANSWER-transcription results in mRNA (messenger RNA synthesis) and uses an
enzyme called RNA polymerase that acts much like DNA polymerase

RNA synthesis involves adding - CORRECT ANSWER-ribonucleic triphosphates (rNTPs) to the
moving open strand, and often will end by placing a poly-A tail, that assists with the movement
through cells
...
- CORRECT ANSWER-initiation: RNA
polymerase binds to a specific DNA sequence called a promotor
elongation: addition of complimentary rNTPs through the synthesising of new bonds
termination: release of RNA polymerase at the terminator
...
- CORRECT ANSWER-that we
have the ability to regulate gene expression, meaning that cells and organisms are able to respond
to the environment through feedback signals, and it is possible to alter the cell state depending on
what you need
...

signal amplification: up and downregulation

example of lactose metabolism in E coli in terms of gene ans transcription regulation - CORRECT

ANSWER-when lactose is around, a particular byproduct of lactose binds to the repressor protien
causing a confomrational change, meaning that the repressor protein is no longer able to bind to the
operator sequence on the lac operon
...
therefrore RNA polymerase is able to bind to the promotor sequence
and begin the transcription of lactase

lactose metabolism as a feedback loop - CORRECT ANSWER-as soon as lactose enters the
system, the lactose binds to the repressor protein, the repressor protein lifts off the operator
sequence exposing it, and immediately that bacterium is able to make lactase for digestion of
lactose

how many possible codons exist and how many amino acids are in existence, - CORRECT

ANSWER-64 codons, and 20 amino acids

redundancy of the codon code refers to - CORRECT ANSWER-the fact that there are a number
of different codons that code for the same amino acid, therefore sometimes you can change the
base sequence without changing the amino acid
...
- CORRECT ANSWER-is a third
of the length of any corresponding DNA sequence that codes for that amino acid sequence

how do we determine when to begin the reading frame? - CORRECT ANSWER-mostly, through
the start codon AUG (methionine), this is specifically recognised by tRNA molecules
there are also specicifc ribosomal binding sites
...


secondary structrue of - CORRECT ANSWER-forces of attraction and repulsion between amino
acids (different chmical properties) results in the formation f structures including alpha helices and
beta plated sheets

tertiary structures - CORRECT ANSWER-secondary structures fold together in order to form 3D
structures

quarternary structures - CORRECT ANSWER-when proteins need to join to others in order to
make a functional molecular machine - not always necessary

consider the impact of a single base mutation giving rise to a single different amino acid in the
primary structure - CORRECT ANSWER-

where does translation occur? - CORRECT ANSWER-ribosomes (cytoplasm or rough ER)

ribosomes are composed - CORRECT ANSWER-2 parts that clamp together, 3 total active sites,
and one place for binding to messenger RNA
...


the ribosome catalyses
...


within the ribosome, - CORRECT ANSWER-each base strand of mRNA is exposed, each tRNA has
an anticodon that recognises a particular 3 base codon- specificity

C and N terminus - CORRECT ANSWER-C terminus is at the carboxyl end of the polypeptide, and
the N terminus is at the amino acid end of the polypeptide

in the elongation part of the protein synthesis, involves a 3 step catalytic cycle - CORRECT

ANSWER-entry of tRNA into the A site
formation of a peptide bond
translocation: movement of the ribosome by one codon
...


what are point mutations - CORRECT ANSWER-single base changes in the DNA sequence of a
gene

what are the types of point mutations - CORRECT ANSWER-silent, missense, nonsense,
frameshift
...
- CORRECT

ANSWER-becasue the mutation of this pathway was a missense mutation, it means that one
amino acid became swapped to another amino acid, thereby altering protein function

remember the collie dogs melanin mutation - CORRECT ANSWER-collie dogs have a nonsense
mutation, whereby the mutation results in the truncation of translation, resulting in the formation of
a protein that does not functionin

what are three forms of proofreading and repair of mutations that are the line of defence against
defects? - CORRECT ANSWER-base selection; proofreading; and post-replication repair

discuss proof reading - CORRECT ANSWER-if the wrong base has gotten through that first step
and resulted in a phosphodiaster bond gluing the wrong base to the strand, it will not fit on the
strand and will flip up or stick out, and engage the exonuclease site, and this has the ability to digest
backwards parts of the strand, and the polymerase can try again
...
however, if the wrong base presents, polymerase does
not engage in order to join the base to the strand, and therefore the enzyme does not 'close'
because ti is highly specific about the fit
...
e
...


if methylation has already occurred? - CORRECT ANSWER-hen it is impossible for he machinery
to detect which is the original correct strand of DNA compared to that which has just ben made
containing the error
...


if we consider that more copies of DNA or at a higher rate of copying and production - CORRECT

ANSWER-we know that a higher mutation rate occurs as a result of sperm production in germ line
cells, sperm are produced continuously, where the older the father, the more cellular divisions the
germ line has gone through and the more chance of errors occurring
...


what are some other sources of mutation that occur through damage to DNA - CORRECT

ANSWER-X-Rays

some chemicals cause base changes such that they cant pair in the same way
...
Convergence - CORRECT ANSWER-Homology: Common ancestor, form and
function may or may not be the same - similarities by descent
...
- similarities through independent
adaptation

parsimony - CORRECT ANSWER-given the choice between two or more explanations and we
have nothing else to go on, make the choice that makes the fewest ad hoc assumptions
...


heuristic searching - CORRECT ANSWER-attempt to locate the most parsimonious tree, this will
be the global optimum (increases in parsimony)
...


multiple sequence alignment - CORRECT ANSWER-this is the basic data input for phylogenetics,
where eaach site or column is a homologous character

phylogeny based on pairwise distances - CORRECT ANSWER-identifying overall similaritie
through distances between each sequences for each pair of species i

what are transitions and transversions in relation to sequence changes of nucleotide bases? and
which are more likely to occur in sequence changes - CORRECT ANSWER-transitions are
changes from one purine (i
...
A to G or vice versa) and transversions are from pyramidine to purine
or vice versa
...
e by applying different probability
weightings to different kinds of changes
...


monophyletic - CORRECT ANSWER-an ancestor and all of its extant descendents

polyphyletic - CORRECT ANSWER-extant taxa united by a divergent trait

paraphyletic - CORRECT ANSWER-an ancestor and some, but not all, of its descendents
...


Overspecialized adaptations are examples of what?
a
...

b
...

c
...
d
...

e
...
- CORRECT ANSWER-B

What is temporal isolation an example of?

a
...

b
...

c
...

d
...
- CORRECT ANSWER-A

Exon - CORRECT ANSWER-codes for something 10%

Intron - CORRECT ANSWER-spacer regions 90%

allopatric isolation - CORRECT ANSWER-physically separated from each other

sympatric isolation - CORRECT ANSWER-physically not separate but little interaction

Turner syndrome - CORRECT ANSWER-(XO) in females with only one X chromosome
...
short with heart, hearing and kidney problems
...
no real symptoms
except learning disabilities and tallness
...
small balls,
partial breasts, protruding hips, infertile
...
tall, bad achne,
lots of testosterone

(YO) - CORRECT ANSWER-dies in embryo bc no X chromosome

Inversion mutation - CORRECT ANSWER-when pieces of DNA break off and reattach some
where else
...


Translocation mutation - CORRECT ANSWER-when pieces of DNA break off and reattach some
where else
...


Deletion mutation - CORRECT ANSWER-when one or more nucleotides are removed

Insertion mutation - CORRECT ANSWER-when one or more nucleotides are added

Silent mutation - CORRECT ANSWER-does not alter the amino acid

Nonsense mutation - CORRECT ANSWER-introduces a Stop codon

Missense mutation - CORRECT ANSWER-replace amino acids

Frameshift mutation - CORRECT ANSWER-resulted from deletion and insertion if not a multiple
of 3

Substitution (point mutation) - CORRECT ANSWER-changes a single nucleotide
...
late 1850s
...
founding species and evolve

Smith - CORRECT ANSWER-1769-1839
...
catastrophism

Hutton - CORRECT ANSWER-1726-1797
...
very old earth

Lamarak - CORRECT ANSWER-1744-1829
...
evolution/natural selection

Premating isolation mechanism - CORRECT ANSWER-prevent mating between species

postmating isolation mechanism - CORRECT ANSWER-prevent mating between species
differently

Geographical Isolation - CORRECT ANSWER-prevents breeding because they physically live in
different places
...
EX: Bishop pines breed in the summer and Monterey pines breed in early spring

Behavior isolation - CORRECT ANSWER-when species can't mate because of different mating
rituals
...
EX: snails that their shell swirl directions

Gametic incompatibility - CORRECT ANSWER-when sperm of one species cannot fertilize with
the egg of another
...
EX: mule or liger

Adaptive Radiation - CORRECT ANSWER-the rise of many new species in a short period of time

Start codon - CORRECT ANSWER-AUG

Stop codon - CORRECT ANSWER-UAA, UAG, UGA



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Title: BIOL 1003 REAL EXAM 2025 PRACTICE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS/ BIOLOGY 1002 LSU PREP TEST BANK WITH 500 EXAM PRACTICE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS
Description: BIOL 1003 REAL EXAM 2025 PRACTICE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS/ BIOLOGY 1002 LSU PREP TEST BANK WITH 500 EXAM PRACTICE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS

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