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Biology 101 - Characteristics of Life

What does it mean to be alive?
Life is defined by scientists using the cell theory
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We also use the observable characteristics that are associated
with living organisms to help define what it means to be alive
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For example, temperature regulation is a part of homeostasis, and cells help perform this task
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Substances are broken down and bring energy to the living organism’s cells and
system
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This is metabolism
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For example,
when a cell splits into two, this is a form of reproduction
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All living cells require a container
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Cell containers have artificially been
made, and made out of lipids
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Mitochondria produce ATP and regulate metabolism of the cell
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DNA is they “instructions” of the cell and the nucleic acids adenine, thiamine, guanine,
and cytosine are the “scribes” of the cell
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They have created a version of primitive RNA
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o Cytoplasm: The material that is inside of a living cell, not including the nucleus
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o DNA: Contains the genetic instructions for the function and development of all
living things
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Prokaryotic Cells are organisms that do not have DNA that is enclosed inside of a
nucleus
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Eukaryotes
could be single or multicellular, and usually have membranes
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Eukaryotes have lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi
apparatus and a cytoskeleton, and prokaryotes do not
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Cell Wall is only found in plant cells and provides strength and support for the plant
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Lysosome “clean” the cell by taking the debris
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Golgi (apparatus) directs proteins and lipids to their final destinations
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The arrangement of the
mitochondria and chloroplasts has the exact same membrane folded into the shape of the
eukaryotic cell membrane
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They both also have the ribosomes of prokaryotes and not eukaryotes
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They are much smaller and simpler than a cell and
typically have DNA or RNA wrapped in proteins
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They also lack the structures that allow homeostasis, reproduction, and
metabolism in cells
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Artificial Life
Scientists have created the first synthetic self-sustaining cell
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They created new DNA through a long process of putting nucleic
acids in the correct sequence
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It then
began to reproduce
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The creators might have gotten the
sequence from other pre-existing sequences and they used a pre-existing cell for the container
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But, on the flipside, it could help produce
vaccines and other helpful concoctions

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