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Title: Ecology Notes
Description: Ecology notes on habitats and the interactions between ecosystems. The abiotic and biotic environments. Food diagrams such as food chains/web a and pyramids of biomass/population/numbers. As well as the carbon cycle and its importance.
Description: Ecology notes on habitats and the interactions between ecosystems. The abiotic and biotic environments. Food diagrams such as food chains/web a and pyramids of biomass/population/numbers. As well as the carbon cycle and its importance.
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Ecology Notes
Ecology is the study of the interactions between organisms and their surroundings
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A population is a group of organisms of the same species living in a habitat
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An ecosystem is a community of different organisms interacting with the abiotic environment
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Features of an abiotic environment
The features of an abiotic environment will determine the types of plants in a region and since animals
rely on plants for food either directly (herbivores/omnivores) or indirectly (carnivores/omnivores), the
animals are determined by the plants present and thus, the features of an abiotic environment
determines the animals present
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Light intensity Affects the rate of photosynthesis and growth in plants and thus affects the rate
of growth of animals as animals are dependent on plants for food indirectly or directly
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Water availability Important for survival
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g
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Oxygen content Oxygen is needed for aerobic respiration, which produces ATP for cellular
activities
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g
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Salinity of soil and water Affects the water potential of the soil and water
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pH of soil and water Affects the rate of enzyme reactions and thus, organisms are sensitive to
the pH level
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All organisms in a biotic environment are dependent on other organisms and the populations that each
type of organism makes up are all interdependent
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The
biological balance is like a web and breaking a single strand will affect the whole system
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The sun is the main source of energy for an
ecosystem, where light energy is converted into chemical energy and is passed from organism to
organism through the ecosystem, and heat energy which has to be constantly supplied to the ecosystem
as energy is lost as heat and thus, has to be maintained
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g
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Types of Organisms
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Producers Make their own food through photosynthesis and they provide other organisms with
energy and oxygen
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o
o
Secondary Carnivores that feed on primary consumers
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Tertiary Carnivores that feed directly on secondary consumers
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This breaking down returns nutrients to the environment
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An
organism feeds on the organism before it and provides food for the organism after it
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Each stage is known as a trophic level and is the feeding
position of that organism, e
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Producer=1st
trophic level, Herbivore=2nd
trophic level etc
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An organism can be at more than one trophic
level
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This allows us to compare the trophic levels in food
chains
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o
Pyramid of biomass Compares the dry mass of organisms present in each trophic level
at a particular time and the length of the bar in the pyramid represents the biomass of
that population at that time
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A pyramid of numbered can be
inverted if organisms of one tropic level are parasitic on organisms of the trophic level before it ( many
parasites would be needed to fully decompose that one organism) or if many small organisms of one
trophic level feed on a large organism (many insects eating a tree)
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E
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although at one point of time the biomass of a producer might be less than that of the primary consumer,
the producer can rapidly reproduce such that there is enough for the primary consumer to consume on
and survive
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The ultimate source of energy is the sun, which provides light
energy
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Energy is lost as heat to the
environment, through respiration as it flows through the ecosystem
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Chemical energy is
released through the activity of decomposers on egested and excreted materials and dead organism
and they use some of this energy while the rest is lost as heat energy
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Thus, light energy needs to be constantly supplied
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Food chains are generally short so that high amounts of
energy are available to the final consumer and less energy is lost to the consumer
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In an ecosystem, nutrients are never lost and are continually recycled when decomposers break down
dead organic matter and release it to the environment for plants to use
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During photosynthesis, plants absorb carbon dioxide and use it to synthesize carbohydrates
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Animals obtain carbon compounds by feeding on plants or other animals
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Plants and animals respire and release carbon dioxide to the atmosphere
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Decomposers break down dead organic matter and release carbon dioxide
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Dead bodies of organisms buried in the Earth for millions of years produce fossil fuels
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1 and 2= Removal or carbon dioxide from the environment
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Importance of Carbon Cycle
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Maintain constant Carbon Dioxide levels Ensures there is enough carbon dioxide for plants to
photosynthesize
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Title: Ecology Notes
Description: Ecology notes on habitats and the interactions between ecosystems. The abiotic and biotic environments. Food diagrams such as food chains/web a and pyramids of biomass/population/numbers. As well as the carbon cycle and its importance.
Description: Ecology notes on habitats and the interactions between ecosystems. The abiotic and biotic environments. Food diagrams such as food chains/web a and pyramids of biomass/population/numbers. As well as the carbon cycle and its importance.