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Title: Human Excretion Notes
Description: Human Excretion notes including parts and functions of the human urinary system and the nephron as well as the processes of urine formation and blood water potential regulation.
Description: Human Excretion notes including parts and functions of the human urinary system and the nephron as well as the processes of urine formation and blood water potential regulation.
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Excretion Notes
In the body, metabolic reactions take place
...
Metabolic reactions produce waste products and these can be
harmful or toxic if they accumulate in the body
...
Unicellular organisms can conduct excretion through diffusion with their environment but multicellular
organisms require special excretory organs
...
g
...
The human urinary system removes excess mineral salts and excess water through the kidneys
...
The kidneys are
beanshaped organs that are embedded in a mass of fat in the abdominal cavity
...
They are attached to the dorsal wall of the
abdominal cavity, one on each side of the vertebral cavity
...
Parts of the Human Urinary System
●
Hilus The surface of the kidney that faces the vertebral column is the concave
...
The renal artery, the renal vein and
the nerves are connected to the kidney at the hilus
...
Urine passes
through the ureter to the urinary bladder
...
It
stores urine
...
It is used to
control urination
...
To
urinate, the brain sends nerve impulses to the sphincter muscle to cause it to relax
...
●
Urethra The urethra is the duct through which urine passes from the bladder to outside the
body
...
The medulla contains the renal
pyramids that contain the nephrons
...
The kidney is connected to the ureter at the renal pelvis
...
o
Parts of the Kidney
▪
Cortex The outer dark red region that is covered and protected by a fibrous
capsule
...
▪
Renal Pyramid Renal pyramids are conical structures located in the medulla
...
The radical stripes in the medulla
pyramids indicate numerous kidney tubules, called nephrons
...
▪
Renal Pelvis The renal pyramids project into a funnellike space called the
renal pelvis
...
Parts of a Nephron
●
Bowman’s Capsule Each nephron begins in the cortex as a cuplike structure called the
Bowman’s capsule
...
●
Loop of Henle In the medulla, the tubule extends into the renal pyramid and makes a Uturn
into the cortex
...
●
Distal (second) Convoluted Tube When the tubule enters the cortex, it becomes convoluted
again
...
●
Collecting Duct The tubule then opens into a collecting duct that runs straight through the
medulla and eventually opens up into the renal pelvis
...
Blood
enters the kidney by the renal artery, which branches out into arterioles
...
This mass of blood capillaries is called the
glomerulus
...
Blood leaving the glomerulus enters blood capillaries surrounding the nephron
...
Excess mineral salts and nitrogenous waste products (e
...
urea, creatinine, and uric acid) are harmful if
they accumulate in the body
...
Urine
formation takes place in the kidneys
...
Blood leaving the kidneys
also contains less oxygen and more carbon dioxide entering the kidneys
...
Most of the blood plasma is forced out of the glomerular blood capillaries into the
Bowman’s capsule by high blood pressure
...
The hydrostatic blood
pressure provides the main force required for the filtration process
...
It is called the basement membrane
...
Blood cells, platelets and large molecules such as proteins and fats, are retained in the
glomerular capillaries
...
●
Selective Reabsorption 120 cm3
of filtrate is formed in the kidney every minute
...
Thus, as the
filtrate passes through the tubule, useful substances are reabsorbed into the bloodstream by
selective reabsorption
...
This reabsorption is highly selective
and only those substances required by the body are reabsorbed readily
...
o
At the loop of Henle, some water is reabsorbed
...
o
At the collecting duct, some water is reabsorbed
...
Urine is composed of 96% of water, 1
...
2% of nitrogenous
substances
...
Taking in more liquids or waterrich food increases the water potential of the blood
...
This also happens in cold weather when sweat secretion is reduced
...
Certain diseases cause urine to have
abnormal compositions, e
...
diabetes where excess glucose that cannot be stored as glycogen is filtered
out of the glomerulus and the nephrons cannot reabsorb all the glucose fast enough, and therefore a
significant amount of glucose passes out in the urine
...
The water potential has to be kept constant as a variation in water potential can
cause the cells to burst or shrink, which can be fatal to the organism
...
ADH is
produced by the hypothalamus in the brain and is released by the pituitary gland
...
Regulation of blood water potential
●
Fall in water potential When water is lost through sweating, the water potential in the blood
plasma decreases
...
The pituitary gland releases
more ADH into bloodstream
...
More water is reabsorbed from the collecting duct into the blood capillaries
...
Water potential of blood returns to
normal
...
Pituitary gland releases less ADH into the bloodstream
...
Less water is reabsorbed from the
collecting duct into the blood capillaries
...
The water potential of blood returns to normal
...
The amount of water reabsorbed affects the blood volume
...
If blood volume
increases, then the blood pressure will rise
...
To prevent this, doctors can prescribe drugs called
diuretics which reduce the production of ADH
...
Kidney failure is caused by high blood pressure, diabetes, alcohol abuse, severe accidents that damage
the kidney and complications from undergoing major surgery
...
A donor
with two healthy kidneys may donate one kidney and survive with the remaining one
...
A dialysis machine mimics the functions of a kidney
...
Blood is drawn from the vein in the
patient’s arm and is pumped through the tubing in the dialysis machine
...
The walls of the tubing in the dialysis machine are partially permeable
...
Blood cells, platelets and large molecules remain in the tubing
...
The dialysis fluid contains the same concentration of essential substances as healthy blood to ensure
that essential substances do not diffuse out of the blood and into the dialysis fluid
...
The dialysis fluid does not contain metabolic waste products
...
The tubing in the machine is narrow, long and coiled, increasing the surface area per volume ratio,
ensuring efficient diffusion
...
Kidney stones form when your urine contains more crystalforming substances — such as calcium,
oxalate and uric acid — than the fluid in your urine can dilute
Title: Human Excretion Notes
Description: Human Excretion notes including parts and functions of the human urinary system and the nephron as well as the processes of urine formation and blood water potential regulation.
Description: Human Excretion notes including parts and functions of the human urinary system and the nephron as well as the processes of urine formation and blood water potential regulation.