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Title: Hereditary and Mendel's law of inheritance notes
Description: Hereditary notes and Mendels Inheritance models. Chromosomes, phenotypes alleles and all things related to the subject matter.
Description: Hereditary notes and Mendels Inheritance models. Chromosomes, phenotypes alleles and all things related to the subject matter.
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Hereditary Notes
Hereditary traits are traits or characteristics inherited from one generation to another, e
...
hair type, skin
colour, ear shape (lobed or attached), eye brow, face shape, chin (with or without cleft), tongue (roller or
nonroller), blood type, ability to taste a bitter chemical known as phenylthiocarbamide (PTC)
...
The DNA carries hereditary information and it carries genes along its length
...
Each chromosome has about 3958 different genes that will determine different
hereditary traits and each pair determines different a different assortment of traits
...
Genes are a unit of inheritance and are a segment of DNA in a specific position of a chromosome
...
The position of a gene is called a gene locus
...
They occupy the same positions on a pair of homologous
chromosomes
...
These are represented by capital letters
...
It is
represented by small letters
...
Genotypes are the genetic makeup of an organism and are either
homozygous (identical alleles) or heterozygous (different alleles)
...
Genetic Cross
1
...
2
...
Each gamete contains either T
or t
...
Random fertilisation will occur and each allele needs to be crossed with each of the two alleles
of the other haploid cell to observe all possibilities of possible offspring and the resulting
possible offspring of different genotypes are produced
...
Calculate the ratio of possibility of each genotype
...
Gamete
T
T
T
TT
Tt
T
Tt
tt
An organism that has the recessive allele expressing itself as the phenotype will always be recessive
homozygous
...
Codominant alleles are when the heterozygote genotype expresses itself as a phenotype of its own and
neither allele is dominant or recessive
...
g
...
Codominant alleles are different in which there are more than 2 phenotypes but only 2 types of alleles,
while multiple alleles have more than 2 phenotypes but more than 2 types of alleles
...
Variation can be
discontinuous in which only one gene affects the phenotype and as a result, the phenotype is clearcut
and is easily distinguishable, e
...
blood groups and types of eyelids
...
E
...
height and skin colour
...
Females have a pair of rodlike sex chromosomes, which are the X chromosomes
...
Therefore,
female chromosomes are XX chromosomes while male chromosomes are XY chromosomes
...
Humans
contain 22 autosomal/somatic chromosomes (nonsex chromosomes) and a pair of sex chromosomes
...
However, males
will produce two types of sperm one containing an X chromosome and the other containing a Y
chromosome
...
Y chromosomes contain genes that influence the development of a foetus to develop
male characteristics
...
Genes
located on a sex chromosome, whether it influences sex development or not, they are known as
sexlinked genes, e
...
colourblindness and haemophilia
...
A recessive allele will be expressed as the phenotype in a female only if the genotype is a
homozygous recessive
...
This is due to the Y chromosome not being a full chromosome
to have the full set of genes to be able to contain a dominant allele that can dominate the recessive
allele
...
As males would only inherit the X
chromosome from the mother and as only X chromosomes can hold recessive traits in males, any
sexlinked genes with recessive traits in males would be inherited from the mother
...
When genes are passed from one generation to another and replication takes place, an error might
occur and mutation would take place
...
Mutations can
be inherited by the offspring of the mutated organism
...
Dominant mutations are easy to detect but not recessive ones
...
E
...
sicklecell anaemia mutation results in the gene controlling
haemoglobin being involved in sicklecell anaemia, causing a change in the threedimensional shape of
the haemoglobin molecule
...
This is a recessive mutated gene and is only expressed in the homozygous recessive condition
...
Some
people might have an extra chromosome
...
Spontaneous mutation rarely takes place unless mutagens are present in the environment, e
...
UV light,
alpha, beta and gamma radiations
...
g
...
Some mutations are beneficial or detrimental to a cell’s function
...
The organism with the beneficial mutation will start to form a higher
percentage of the population
...
Overtime, more beneficial alleles will
accumulate in a species and will form the majority of a species and is better adapted to the environment
and adaptive radiation has taken place
...
This is known as evolution, where present complex forms of organisms rise from simpler
ancestral forms
...
Breeders would select a form of an
organism that has strong gene combinations
...
After many generations, purebreeding that produces seeds with the desired qualities are obtained
...
Title: Hereditary and Mendel's law of inheritance notes
Description: Hereditary notes and Mendels Inheritance models. Chromosomes, phenotypes alleles and all things related to the subject matter.
Description: Hereditary notes and Mendels Inheritance models. Chromosomes, phenotypes alleles and all things related to the subject matter.