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Title: Human Reproduction Notes
Description: Human reproduction notes, parts and functions of all the parts of the male and female reproductive system. Including processes such as spermatogenesis, oogenesis, fetal development and the mentrual cycle.
Description: Human reproduction notes, parts and functions of all the parts of the male and female reproductive system. Including processes such as spermatogenesis, oogenesis, fetal development and the mentrual cycle.
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Human Fertilization Notes
Parts of the Male Reproduction System
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Testes Two testes that produces sperms through spermatozoa and male sex hormones, e
...
testosterone
...
o
Spermatic cord Provides blood for the testes
...
o
●
Seminiferous Tubules Narrow tubules where sperms are produced
...
Slightly lower than body temperature that is
essential for sperms to develop properly
...
●
Urethra Tube where both urine and semen passes from the bladder through the center of the
penis to the outside of the body
...
The mixture is called semen
...
o
Cowper’s Gland Below the Prostate Gland
...
It stores sperms temporarily
before they are released through the urethra
...
●
Sperms/Spermatozoa 60 nanometers long
...
5 nanometers wide and contains a large nucleus with small cytoplasm
...
An acrosome is a vesicle containing
enzymes
...
o
Middle Piece Contains numerous mitochondria that provides energy for the sperm to
swim towards the egg
...
Spermatogenesis
1
...
2
...
3
...
4
...
5
...
Sperms must be differentiated
before it can fertilize the egg
...
Female Reproduction System
●
Ovary Two ovaries produce eggs through oogenesis and female hormones, such as oestrogen
and progesterone
...
●
Oviduct/Fallopian Tube Narrow muscular tube leading from the ovary to the uterus, where
mature eggs are released to
...
The egg is usually fertilized by the sperm in the oviduct
...
●
Uterus This is where the fetus develops
...
o
●
Uterus lining/Endometrium Embryo implants here
...
●
Vagina Transports blood and the fetus from the cervix out of the woman
...
●
Ovum/Egg Female gamete
...
500
out of 70000 potential eggs normally become mature, where one is released every month
...
o
Nucleus Large and containing haploid number of chromosomes
...
o
Cell membrane
o
Outer membrane Broken down by acrosome of sperms
...
Germinal epithelium cells divide through mitosis to form more diploid cells
...
Diploid cells grow larger to form primary oocytes
...
Primary oocytes divide through meiosis I but stops at Prophase and follicles cells form a layer
around it forming a primary follicle
...
During the menstrual cycle, a few primary follicles develop
...
The cytoplasm divides unequally to form a secondary oocyte and a
polar cell, both with one haploid nucleus
...
The secondary oocyte divides through Meiosis II but stops at Prophase
...
6
...
7
...
The polar cells degenerate
...
The Graafian follicle develops into a corpus luteum that produces hormones that prepare the
body for pregnancy
...
The corpus luteum will persist for some time and eventually break down
...
The menstrual period is about 5 days long and is part of the menstrual cycle
...
It can also vary through
external factors like stress, tiredness, illness or malnutrition
...
Menstrual Cycle
1
...
The pituitary gland secretes Folliclestimulating
hormone (FSH) from the bloodstream
...
Follicle Stage (Day 613) FSH stimulates oogenesis
...
Oestrogen causes the repair and growth of the uterine lining
...
Oestrogen in high concentrations inhibits
FSH production, preventing the maturation and development of more follicles, and it also
stimulates luteinizing hormones (LH) to be secreted through the pituitary gland
...
Ovulation (Day 14) LH causes ovulation
...
The corpus luteum secretes progesterone and some
oestrogen
...
4
...
It also inhibits ovulation and FSH production
...
The embryo
embeds itself in the uterine lining and the embryo secretes a hormone which prevents the corpus luteum
from breaking down until placenta is formed
...
If no fertilization occurs, the egg will break down and eventually, LH production is inhibited by the high
concentration of progesterone in the blood
...
Without progesterone to maintain the thickness, the uterine lining breaks
down
...
FSH is produced by and the menstrual
cycle begins again
...
This causes the penis to become stiff and erect to enter the vagina
...
Millions of sperms are released in one ovulation
...
Only one sperm nucleus
enters the egg and a fertilized egg or diploid zygote is formed
...
Embryo Development
●
Implantation The cilia lining of the oviduct have rhythmic movements and this along with
peristalsis help to move the zygote to the uterus
...
●
Placenta Development After implantation, villi begin to grow in the embryo into the uterine lining
and they contain blood capillaries
...
The placenta
allows oxygen, antibodies and dissolved food to diffuse from the mother’s blood into the fetal
blood and excretory products vice versa
...
o
Development of the Umbilical Cord The umbilical cord attaches the fetus to the
placenta and contains the blood vessels of the fetus that help in transport from the fetus
to the placenta and vice versa
...
The amniotic fluid supports and cushions the fetus
before birth and is a shock absorber, protecting the fetus against physical injury
...
During birth, it lubricates
and reduces friction in the vagina
...
The fetal blood capillaries from the placenta are surrounded by maternal blood spaces from the
mother
...
They are separated as the blood pressure of the mother is a lot higher and it would kill the fetus
...
The fetus continues to grow in the uterus and is ready to be born after 9 months
Title: Human Reproduction Notes
Description: Human reproduction notes, parts and functions of all the parts of the male and female reproductive system. Including processes such as spermatogenesis, oogenesis, fetal development and the mentrual cycle.
Description: Human reproduction notes, parts and functions of all the parts of the male and female reproductive system. Including processes such as spermatogenesis, oogenesis, fetal development and the mentrual cycle.