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Title: Homeostasis and Homeostatic processes
Description: Homeostasis in humans notes for homeostatic processes such as blood glucose regulation, blood water potential, body temperature regulation and the skin in homeostatic processes.
Description: Homeostasis in humans notes for homeostatic processes such as blood glucose regulation, blood water potential, body temperature regulation and the skin in homeostatic processes.
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Homeostasis Notes
Homeostasis is the process that maintains the stability of the human body's internal environment in
response to changes in external conditions, e
...
regulation of temperature; the balance of body
pH
levels
...
A drastic change in pH
level will also affect the enzyme reactions in cells and harm your body
...
Homeostasis requires negative feedback in the body to function
...
In homeostasis, the body reacts to bring about the opposite effect to the change detected
...
This is known as the negative
feedback process
...
Any change from the normal condition
is called the stimulus
...
●
A stimulus
●
A receptor to detect the stimulus
...
This will stop the corrective
mechanism
...
Normal Condition
2
...
Receptor detects stimulus
4
...
Control center signals corrective mechanism
6
...
Examples of Homeostasis
●
Blood Glucose Regulation Body cells need glucose for respiration, which provides cells with
energy to perform vital activities
...
Blood normally contains
about 7090 mg of glucose per cm3
of blood
...
o
Rise above normal level When blood glucose concentration rises above normal, the
Islets of Langerhans (receptor/control center) in the pancreas are stimulated and they
signal the corrective mechanism to take places
...
Blood transports the insulin to the liver and muscles
...
Insulin causes the liver and muscles to convert
excess glucose to glycogen, which can be stored in the liver and muscles
...
This provides a feedback to the Islets of Langerhans to
increase glucagon production
...
Blood transports the glucagon to the liver and muscles
...
From the liver,
glucose enters the bloodstream
...
●
Regulating Blood Water Potential
o
Rise above normal level When water potential of blood increases, the hypothalamus is
stimulated
...
Cells
in the walls of the collecting ducts become less permeable to water and less water is
reabsorbed into the bloodstream
...
These cause the blood water potential to decrease and when it
has decreased to the norm, a signal is sent back to the receptor
...
Cells in the walls of the collecting ducts become
more permeable to water
...
This increases the
water potential of the blood and when it has reached the norm, a feedback is sent to the
receptor
...
Skin is composed of two parts an outer part called the epidermis and an inner thicker part
called the dermis
...
The dermis has a rich
supply of nerves and blood capillaries
...
The contraction and dilation of your arterioles help to regulate the
body temperature
...
When the skin arterioles dilate,
more blood is sent to blood capillaries in your skin
...
Skin turns red due to the numerous blood vessels dilating
...
●
Hair Although hairs are embedded in the dermis, they are produced by the epidermis
...
At the base of the hair follicle is a mass of tissue called the hair papilla, which contains
blood capillaries and nerves
...
The cells that are pushed outwards gradually die and harden to form the
hair
...
When these muscles contract,
the hairs ‘stand on their end’ and skin around the hair is raised
...
It
forms a tight knot in the dermis and is surrounded by many blood capillaries
...
Secreted sweat is
mainly made up of water and it contains dissolved salts and urea
...
Sweat is secreted continuously
...
The body maintains temperature through sweat
...
The nerve endings in the skin are sensory receptors
...
Receptors
that detect temperature changes are called thermoreceptors
...
The fat in
these cells also serve as an insulating layer, reducing heat loss
...
The body produces heat during metabolic activities such as cellular respiration
...
Thus, a large amount of heat is
released in these organs
...
Vigorous
exercise, hot food consumption and warm surrounding temperatures will also cause the body to gain
heat
...
Shunt vessels connect the skin arterioles with the skin venules
...
Regulating Blood Temperature
●
Rise in Temperature When the body produces heat, the blood temperature rises
...
The
arterioles will dilate and shunt vessels will constrict allowing more blood to flow through blood
capillaries in the skin
...
Sweat glands become more active, producing more sweat
...
Metabolic rate will also decrease to reduce the amount of heat
produced
...
The change is
detected by the hypothalamus, causing it to send out nerve impulses to the body parts
...
This will allow less heat to be lost through radiation and convection
...
As less water in the sweat evaporates
from the surface of the skin, less latent heat of vaporization is lost from the body, resulting in
less heat loss
...
Shivering also takes place, which is a reflex contraction of the body muscles
...
Title: Homeostasis and Homeostatic processes
Description: Homeostasis in humans notes for homeostatic processes such as blood glucose regulation, blood water potential, body temperature regulation and the skin in homeostatic processes.
Description: Homeostasis in humans notes for homeostatic processes such as blood glucose regulation, blood water potential, body temperature regulation and the skin in homeostatic processes.