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5/1/2015
CELL DIVISION: Meiosis
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During the formation of gametes, the number
of chromosomes is reduced by half, and returned to the full amount when the two gametes
fuse during fertilization
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Gregor Mendel determined his peas had two sets of alleles, one from each parent
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Human beings (except for their gametes), most
animals and many plants are diploid
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Ploidy is a term referring
to the number of sets of chromosomes
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Organisms with more than two sets of chromosomes are
termed polyploid
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The alleles on homologous chromosomes may differ, as in the case of
heterozygous individuals
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Meiosis is a special type of nuclear division which segregates one copy of each homologous
chromosome into each new "gamete"
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Meiosis, on the other hand, reduces the number of sets of chromosomes
by half, so that when gametic recombination (fertilization) occurs the ploidy of the parents
will be reestablished
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These are the somatic (or vegetative)
line cells
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The vast majority of
cell divisions in the human body are mitotic, with meiosis being restricted to the gonads
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When interpreting life cycles, pay close attention to the ploidy level of
http://www2
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edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookmeiosis
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particular parts of the cycle and where in the life cycle meiosis occurs
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Most of the cells in your body are diploid, germ line diploid cells will undergo
meiosis to produce gametes, with fertilization closely following meiosis
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The
sporophyte phase is "diploid", and is that part of the life cycle in which meiosis occurs
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The gametophyte phase is "haploid", and is the part of the life cycle in which
gametes are produced (by mitosis of haploid cells)
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) is sporophyte, while pollen and ovaries contain the
male and female gametophytes, respectively
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Many protists and fungi have a haploid dominated life cycle
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Many protists reproduce by mitosis until their environment deteriorates,
then they undergo sexual reproduction to produce a resting zygotic cyst
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Meiosis produces 4 haploid cells
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The old name for meiosis
was reduction/ division
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Most of the differences between the processes occur during Meiosis I
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biology
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edu/vgenetic/meiosis/
Prophase I | Back to Top
Prophase I has a unique event the pairing (by an as yet undiscovered mechanism) of
homologous chromosomes
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The resulting chromosome is termed a tetrad, being composed of two
chromatids from each chromosome, forming a thick (4strand) structure
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During crossingover chromatids break and may be reattached to a
different homologous chromosome
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estrellamountain
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CELL DIVISION: Meiosis
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This doubles the variability of gamete genotypes
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g
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Near the end of Prophase I, the homologous chromosomes begin to separate
slightly, although they remain attached at chiasmata
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estrellamountain
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CELL DIVISION: Meiosis
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Image from Purves et al
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sinauer
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whfreeman
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Events of Prophase I (save for synapsis and crossing over) are similar to those in Prophase of
mitosis: chromatin condenses into chromosomes, the nucleolus dissolves, nuclear membrane
is disassembled, and the spindle apparatus forms
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Image from Purves et al
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sinauer
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whfreeman
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Metaphase I | Back to Top
Metaphase I is when tetrads lineup along the equator of the spindle
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Other metaphase events as in
http://www2
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edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookmeiosis
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mitosis
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The centromeres in Anaphase I remain intact
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Image from Purves et al
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sinauer
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whfreeman
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Telophase I | Back to Top
Telophase I is similar to Telophase of mitosis, except that only one set of (replicated)
chromosomes is in each "cell"
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Some animal cells may have division of the centrioles during this phase
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Image from Purves et al
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estrellamountain
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CELL DIVISION: Meiosis
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sinauer
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whfreeman
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Prophase II | Back to Top
During Prophase II, nuclear envelopes (if they formed during Telophase I) dissolve, and
spindle fibers reform
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Indeed Meiosis II is very similar
to mitosis
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Image from Purves et al
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sinauer
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whfreeman
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Metaphase II | Back to Top
Metaphase II is similar to mitosis, with spindles moving chromosomes into equatorial area
and attaching to the opposite sides of the centromeres in the kinetochore region
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http://www2
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edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookmeiosis
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The events of Metaphase II and Anaphase II
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, Life: The Science of
Biology, 4th Edition, by Sinauer Associates (www
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com) and WH Freeman
(www
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com), used with permission
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Cytokinesis separates the cells
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Image from Purves et al
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sinauer
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whfreeman
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Comparison of Mitosis and Meiosis | Back to Top
Mitosis maintains ploidy level, while meiosis reduces it
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Meiosis occurs in a relative few cells
of a multicellular organism, while mitosis is more common
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estrellamountain
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CELL DIVISION: Meiosis
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estrellamountain
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CELL DIVISION: Meiosis
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Images from Purves et al
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sinauer
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whfreeman
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Gametogenesis | Back to Top
Gametogenesis is the process of forming gametes (by definition haploid, n) from diploid cells
of the germ line
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After division the cells undergo differentiation to become sperm cells
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Whereas in spermatogenesis
all 4 meiotic products develop into gametes, oogenesis places most of the cytoplasm into the
large egg
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This all the cytoplasm and
organelles go into the egg
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http://www2
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edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookmeiosis
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Gametogenesis
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, Life: The Science of Biology, 4th Edition, by Sinauer
Associates (www
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com) and WH Freeman (www
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com), used with permission
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Once sperm form they move into the epididymis,
where they mature and are stored
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estrellamountain
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CELL DIVISION: Meiosis
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This image is copyright Dennis Kunkel at www
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com,
used with permission
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Each egg begins oogenesis as a primary oocyte
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A developing
egg (secondary oocyte) is released each month from puberty until menopause, a total of 400
500 eggs
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estrellamountain
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CELL DIVISION: Meiosis
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The above image is from http://www
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ttuhsc
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Amoeba Proteus Mitosis Small photomicrographs of protistan mitosis
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Meiosis Tutorial North Carolina State University, animations and 3D graphics
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Virtual Meiosis University of Cincinnati, Animated GIF and text/images to explain meiosis
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J
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Use for
educational purposes is encouraged
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farabee@emcmail
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edu
Last modified:
The URL of this page is:
http://www2
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edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookmeiosis