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The Hierarchy of Structure in Animals
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What is physical and chemical digestion? examples
Physical * with teeth and tongue
* teeth - cut, tear, grind, and crush food
* tongue - mixes and rolls food into tiny pieces called a bolus
Chemical * chemicals called enzymes break apart the food into molecules
* salivary glands — release saliva (spit) that contains water + salivary amylase (enzyme)
* saliva breaks down and softens food
3
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What is the enzyme produced by the salivary glands? What is the purpose?
Amylase — breaks down starch when you chew your food
5
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What is Chyme?
Chyme — the pulpy acidic fluid that passes from the stomach to the small intestine, consisting of
gastric juices and partly digested food
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During digestion, what is the purpose of the goblet cells producing mucus?

8
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What is the epiglottis and its role in the swallowing process?
* flat of connective tissue
* covers the opening of the trachea (windpipe) when swallowing
10
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What is the shape and structure of the stomach? How does the stomach aid in digestion?
*
*
*
*
*

J shaped muscular sac
holds the bolus and moves it physically
through movements called churning
churning breaks down the food chemically
by gastric juices (enzymes + hydrochloric acid)

12
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What are the villi and microvilli? Where are they found?
* fingerlike projections
* absorb the nutrients
* found in small intestine
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Small intestines (3 Parts)
Duodenum * upper part
* where digestive juices from pancreas and liver combine with chyme
* making it thin and water
Jejunum *middle part

Ileum * end
* longest part
Large intestines (3 parts)
a) Ascending colon
b) Transvers colon
c) Descending colon
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What is another name for the large intestines?
Large intestines = colon
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What is produced in the liver? During and between meals, what does the gall bladder have to do with
digestion?
Liver :
*
*
*
*

liver produces bile (watery, greenish substance) that breaks down fats
Bile is an emulsifier (NOT AN ENZYME)
liver secretes bile into gal bladder
then released into duodenum

Liver > Gal Bladder > Duodenum
(release + store)

Gal Bladder :
* stores and secretes bile

* between means — where bile is stored
* during meals — bile is secreted into duodenum through the bile duct
19
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What is the difference between type I and type II diabetes?
i
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What are the 3 main blood vessels in the body?
a)Arteries
b) Veins
c) Capillaries
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Arteries —
* carries oxygenated blood (O2)
* blood flows from heart
* exception - pulmonary artery (has deoxygenated blood + brought to the lungs)
* thicker walls
* provides strength for high pressure pumping of blood
* elastic + stretchable
* arterioles = smaller arteries

Veins —
* carries deoxygenated blood (CO2)
* returns blood back to the heart
* exception - pulmonary veins (oxygenated blood + brought to the left atrium i
...
e one way valves allow blood to flow to heart)
* venules = smaller veins
Capillaries —
* smallest blood vessel
* link between arteries + veins
* very thin walls
* allows exchange of gases, nutrients, waste by diffusion
* all over body
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What is the blood vessel that carries deoxygenated blood? Does it move away or toward the heart?
Veins = toward
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Know how to label all parts of the heart (exception is the values within the heart)

27
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What is the difference between the atria and ventricles in terms of blood and size?

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Know the information regarding “circulation to the lungs” and “circulation to the body
...

Circulation to the lungs (alveoli) —
* CO2 (came form r
...
a > capillaries)
* diffusion occurs
* gets breathed out
* O2 breathed in
* goes into blood (capillaries > p
...
a
Circulation to the body —
*
*
*
*
*
*

O2 (arterioles > capillaries)
dropped off to each tissue by diffusion
CO2 (capillaries > venules > veins
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What are the 3 main cells produced in blood and know their roles/functions?
Red blood cells —
*
*
*
*

hemoglobin (protein) transports O2
250,000 hemoglobins in one red blood cells
majority of cells in blood (1/2 of bloods volume)
produced in bone marrow

White blood cells —
* fights infections + diseases
* only cell to have nucleus
Platelets —
* blood clotting
32
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Where are the red blood cells produced?
Bone marrow

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