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EIGRP:
Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol
Written on by Puran S Rawat at PSR|Technosol
In the past, Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) is a Cisco-proprietary routing protocol but from
March-2013 Cisco opens up EIGRP as an open standard in order to help companies operate in a multi-vendor
environment
...
EIGRP is referred to as a hybrid routing protocol because it has the characteristics of both distance-vector and linkstate protocols but now Cisco refers it as an advanced distance vector protocol
...
It is a distance vector routing protocol with enhanced features
...
The main features are listed
below:
+ Support VLSM and discontiguous networks
+ Use Reliable Transport Protocol (RTP) to delivery and reception of EIGRP packets
+ Use the best path selection Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL), guaranteeing loop-free paths and backup paths
throughout the routing domain
+ Discover neighboring devices using periodic Hello messages to discover and monitor connection status with
its neighbors
+ Exchange the full routing table at startup and send partial* triggered updates thereafter (not full updates like
distance-vector protocols) and the triggered updates are only sent to routers that need the information
...
For example, EIGRP will send updates when a new link comes up or a link becoming unavailable
+ Supports multiple protocols: EIGRP can exchange routes for IPv4, IPv6, AppleTalk and IPX/SPX networks
+ Load balancing: EIGRP supports unequal metric load balancing, which allows administrators to better distribute
traffic flow in their networks
...
EIGRP use metrics composed of bandwidth, delay, reliability, and load
...
EIGRP use five types of packets to communicate:
+ Hello: used to identify neighbors
...
In fact, Ack is Hello packet without data
...
+ Query: used to find alternate paths when all paths to a destination have failed
+ Reply: is sent in response to query packets to instruct the originator not to recompute the route because feasible
successors exist
...
EIGRP Route Discovery
Suppose that our network has 2 routers and they are configured to use EIGRP
...
Firstly, the router will try to establish a neighboring relationships by sending “Hello” packets to others running EIGRP
...
0
...
10 which is the multicast address of EIGRP
...
These packets are sent over TCP
...
R2 will also send its routing table to R1 by “Update” packets
...
R1 confirms it has received the Update packet by an “ACK” message
...
Now both R1 & R2 learn all the paths of the neighbor and the network is converged
...
+ When something in the network changes, routers will only send partial updates to routers which need that
information
...
+ The first hellos are used to build a list of neighbors; thereafter, hellos indicate that the neighbor is still alive
To become a neighbor, the following conditions must be met:
+ The router must hear a Hello packet from a neighbor
...
+ K-values must be the same