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Your name,
the
professor’s
name, the
course
number,
and the
date of the
paper are
doublespaced in
12-point,
Times New
Roman
font
...


Angeli 1
Elizabeth L
...


Blue boxes contain
directions for writing
and citing in MLA
style
...

Type your
name next to
the page
number so
that it
appears on
every page
...
These authors

The
introductory
paragraph,
or introduction, should
set the
context for
the rest of
the paper
...


often placed the farming literature they were studying into an historical context by
discussing the important events in agriculture of the year in which the literature was
published (see Demaree, for example)
...
My goal in this paper is to
bring this source into the agricultural literature discussion by connecting three
agricultural handbooks from the nineteenth century with nineteenth century agricultural
history
...

This will
help your
readers
follow your
ideas
...
In the first section, I provide an account of three important
events in nineteenth century agricultural history: population and technological changes,

Titles are
centered
and written
in 12-point,
Times New
Roman
font
...


The thesis
statement
usually is
the last
sentence of
the
introduction
...

This
sentence
guides or
controls
your paper
...
In the
second section, I discuss three nineteenth century farming handbooks in connection with
the important events described in the first section
...


Angeli 2
conclude with a fourth section that discusses the importance of expanding this particular
project
...
Before I can begin the examination of the three handbooks,
however, I need to provide an historical context in which the books were written, and it is
to this that I now turn
...


When using headings in
MLA, title the main
sections (B-level
headers) in a different
style font than the
paper’s title, e
...
, in
small caps
...
The different levels help organize
the paper and maintain consistency in the
paper’s organization
...


The nineteenth century saw many changes to daily American life with an increase in
population, improved methods of transportation, developments in technology, and the
rise in the importance of science
...


Use another
style, e
...
,
italics, to
differentiate the Clevel
headers
from the Blevel
headers
...


Use
personal
pronouns (I,
we, us,
etc
...


Headers,
though not
required by
MLA style,
help the
overall
structure
and
organization of a
paper
...


Population and Technological Changes
...
The
1820 census reported that over 10 million people were living in America; of those 10
million, over 2 million were engaged in agriculture
...
In this ten-year time span, then, agriculture experienced
significant improvements and changes that enhanced its importance in American life
...
This

If there is a
grammatical,
mechanical,
or spelling
error in the
text you
are citing,
type the
quote as it
appears
...
”

Angeli 3
improvement allowed the relations between the rural and urban populations to strengthen,
resulting in an increase in trade
...
1 This increase
accompanied the decrease in rural populations, as farmers who “preferred trade,
transportation, or ‘tinkering’” to the tasks of tending to crops and animals found great
opportunities in the city (Danhof 7)
...

The
author’s/
authors’
name/s go
before the
page
number
with no
comma in
between
...
Before 1820, the rural community accounted for eighty percent
of consumption of farmers’ goods (Hurt 127)
...
This business required
farmers to specialize their production and caused most farmers to give “less attention to
the production of surplus commodities like wheat, tobacco, pork, or beef” (128)
...

The technology farmers used around 1820 was developed from three main
sources: Europe, coastal Indian tribes in America, and domestic modifications made from
the first two sources’ technologies
...
These farmers often turned to current developments in Great Britain
and received word of their technological improvements through firsthand knowledge by

Footnotes
should be
doublespaced and
in size 12
Times New
Roman
font
...
Farmers also began planning and conducting
experiments, and although they lacked a truly scientific approach, these farmers engaged
in experiments to obtain results and learn from the results
...

Insert the
footnote
directly
after the
phrase or
clause to
which it
refers
...
experimentation, hear reports, observe results, and
If you
delete
words from
the original
quote,
insert an
ellipsis,
three
periods
with a
space
between
and after
each one
...
Thus, new knowledge was transmitted orally
from farmer to farmer, immigrant to farmer, and traveler to farmer, which could result in
the miscommunication of this new scientific knowledge
...

The Distribution of New Knowledge
...

Notice how
this
paragraph
begins with
a transition
...

Direct
quotes are
used to
support
this topic
sentence
...
After 1820, however, agricultural writing took more forms than almanacs

Transitions
connect
paragraphs
and unify
writing
...


and newspapers
...
In his published dissertation The American
Agricultural Press 1819-1860, Albert Lowther Demaree presents a “description of the
general content of [agricultural journals]” (xi)
...
The suggested “birthdate” of American agricultural journalism is April 2, 1819
when John S
...
Demaree
writes that Skinner’s periodical was the “first continuous, successful agricultural
periodical in the United States” and “served as a model for hundreds of journals that
succeeded it” (19)
...
Not much has been written on the handbooks’ history, aside from the fact that
C
...
Saxton & Co
...
Despite the lack of
information about handbooks, and as can be seen in my discussion below, these

Titles of
published
works
(books,
journals,
films, etc
...


Angeli 5
The
paragraph
ends with a
wrap-up
sentence,
“Despite
the
lack
...


handbooks played a significant role in distributing knowledge among farmers and in
educating young farmers, as I now discuss
...
One result of the newly circulating print information
was the “need for acquiring scientific information upon which could be based a rational
technology” that could “be substituted for the current diverse, empirical practices”
(Danhof 69)
...
His words here create a
framework for the rest of his book, as he offers his readers narratives of his own trials and
errors and even dismisses foreign, time-tested techniques farmers had held on to: “The
knowledge we have of that very ancient and numerous nation the Chinese, as well as the
very located habits and costumes of this very singular people, is in itself insufficient to
teach us
...
His book captures the call and need for scientific experiments to
develop new knowledge meant to be used in/on/with American soil, which reflects some
farmers’ thinking of the day
...

John Nicholson anticipated this effect in 1820 in the “Experiments” section of his book
The Farmer’s Assistant; Being a Digest of All That Relates to Agriculture and the
Conducting of Rural Affairs; Alphabetically Arranged and Adapted for the United States:

Use block
quotes
when
quotations
are longer
than fourtyped lines
...
Do
not use
quotation
marks
...


Angeli 6
successful experimental efforts and improvements, should render
themselves duly entitled to them
...
Not much was accomplished, however, much to the dissatisfaction of
farmers, and in 1855, the state authorized a new college to be “devoted to agriculture and
to be independent of the university” (Danhof 71)
...
” The first agricultural colleges formed

Periods
occur
before the
end
quotation
mark if the
citation
information
is given
already in
the
sentence
...

Congress addressed these problems with the then newly formed United States
Department of Agriculture (USDA)
...
State experiment stations and extension services
...
localized research and education
...
415)
...
”

Angeli 7
answering inquiries of farmers regarding agriculture; (4) testing
agricultural implements; (5) conducting chemical analyses of soils, grains,
fruits, plants, vegetables, and manures; (6) establishing a professorship of
botany and entomology; and (7) establishing an agricultural library and
museum
...
14)
These objectives were a response to farmers’ needs at the time, mainly to the need for
experiments, printed distribution of new farming knowledge, and education
...

Before the USDA assisted in the circulation of knowledge, however, farmers
wrote about their own farming methods
...

Note: Sections of this paper have been deleted to shorten the length of the paper

CONCLUSION
Because
this is a Blevel
header, the
paragraph
is not
indented
...


From examining Drown’s, Allen’s, and Crozier and Henderson’s handbooks in light of
nineteenth century agricultural history, I can say that science and education seem to have
had a strong influence on how and why these handbooks were written
...
Regardless of their stance, the authors needed to create
an ethos to gain an audience, and they did this by including tables of information,
illustrations of animals and buildings, reasons for educational reform, and pieces of

Angeli 8
advice to young farmers in their texts
...
Recovering more handbooks in this way could lead to a better,
more complete understanding of farming education, science’s role in farming and
education, and perhaps even an understanding of the rhetoric of farming handbooks in the
nineteenth century
...

Avoid lengthy discussions in the
endnote entries
...


1
...

Doublespace all
entries, and
indent each
entry 0
...


Ohio rivers, Missouri, and states to its north” when referring to the northern states (11)
...
For the purposes of this paper, “science” is defined as it was in nineteenth
century agriculture: conducting experiments and engaging in research
...
Please note that any direct quotes from the nineteenth century texts are written
in their original form, which may contain grammar mistakes according to twenty-first
century grammar rules
...

Center the
title “Works
Cited”
without
underlining,
bolding, or
italicizing it
...
”

The Works Cited
page is a list of
all the sources
cited in your
paper
...
L
...
New York: Saxton, 1849
...


MLA now
requires all
sources to
have a
publication
marker
...


Baker, Gladys L
...
Rasmussen, Vivian Wiser, and Jane M
...
Century of
Service: The First 100 Years of the United States Department of Agriculture
...
Print
...

Instead,
you must
write
“Web”
before the
date of
access in
the entry
...


Danhof, Clarence H
...

Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1969
...

Demaree, Albert Lowther
...
New York:
Columbia UP, 1941
...

Drown, William and Solomon Drown
...
Providence: Field, 1824
...

“Historical Census Browser
...
2007
...
6 Dec
...

Hurt, R
...
American Agriculture: A Brief History
...

Print
...
Nature and Reason Harmonized in the Practice of Husbandry
...
Print
...
Prairie View A&M
...
Web
...
2008
...


Angeli 11
Nicholson, John
...
[Philadelphia]: Warner, 1820
...




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