Notesale: Turn your study into money

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NEW IDEAS KEEP SCIENCE ALIVE
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METABOLISM-THE REACTIONS WHERE AN ORGANISM BREAKS
DOWN OR BUILDS UP MATERIALS
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EVOLVED STRUCTURES IN
ORGANISMS ALLOW CERTAIN FUNCTIONS TO TAKE PLACE
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INDEPENDENT

ALL THINGS IN THE UNIVERSE ALL FUNDAMENTALLY SIMILAR ON A MOLECULAR LEVEL
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CELLULAR
ORGANIZATION 2
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METABOLISM4
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HEREDITY 6
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GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT 8
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PROTONS AND NEUTRONS MAKE UP THE NUCLEUS, SURROUNDED BY
ELECTRONS, WHICH ARE VERY SMALL COMPARED TO THE OTHER “TRONS”
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ISOTOPES-ATOMS OF THE SAME ELEMENT THAT DIFFER IN THE NUMBER OF NEUTRONS
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COHESION-THE ATTRACTION OF TWO OF THE SAME SUBSTANCE
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MIXTURE- PHYSICALLY MIXED ELEMENTS BUT NOT CHEMICALLY MIXED
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SOLUTE-DISSOLVED SUBSTANCE(SALT)
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SUSPENSIONS- MIXTURE OF WATER AND UNDISSOLVED
SUBSTANCE
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PH, WATER 7, BASES 14, ACIDS 0
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WATER IS A POLAR MOLECULE
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3-CARBON MAKES UP LIVING THINGS
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LIPIDS(FATS,OILS,WAXES)-CARBON AND HYDROGEN
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PROTEINS-NITROGEN, CARBON,HYDROGEN, AND OXYGEN, THEY ARE
POLYMERS OF AMINO ACIDS(-NH2(AMINO GROUP) AND -COOH(CARBOXYL GROUP))
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4-ENZYMES ARE BIOLOGICAL CATALYSTS WHICH SPEED
UP REACTIONS, IN THESE REACTIONS REACTANTS ARE KNOW AS SUBSTRATES, ENZYMES CAN BE AFFECTED BY TEMPERATURE, PH, AND
REGULATORY MOLECULES
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1- ROBERT HOOKE-MONK CELLS
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SCHLEIDEN,SCHWANN, AND
VIRCHOW- ALL LIVING THINGS ARE MADE OF CELLS, THEY ARE THE BASIC UNITS OF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION IN LIVING THINGS
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EUK-ENCLOSE DNA
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CELL MEMBRANE-THE
SEMIPERMEABLE MEMBRANE SURROUNDING THE CYTOPLASM OF A CELL
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IT USUALLY HAS RIBOSOMES ATTACHED AND IS INVOLVED IN PROTEIN AND LIPID
SYNTHESIS
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IT IS ANOTHER PACKAGING ORGANELLE LIKE THE
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)
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CYTOPLASM IS A THICK SOLUTION THAT FILLS
EACH CELL AND IS ENCLOSED BY THE CELL MEMBRANE
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IN EUKARYOTIC CELLS, THE
CYTOPLASM INCLUDES ALL OF THE MATERIAL INSIDE THE CELL AND OUTSIDE OF THE NUCLEUS
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3- DIFFUSION- HIGH TO LOW TO BALANCE
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ISOTONIC - SAME CONCENTRATIONS OF SOLUTE
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HYPO- LOWER
CONCENTRATION
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1-ATP CAN EASILY RELEASE AND STORE ENERGY BY BREAKING AND RE-FORMING THE BONDS BETWEEN ITS PHOSPHATE
GROUPS
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IN THE PROCESS OF
PHOTOSYNTHESIS, PLANTS CONVERT THE ENERGY OF SUNLIGHT INTO CHEMICAL ENERGY STORED IN THE BONDS OF CARBOHYDRATES
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PHOTOSYNTHETIC ORGANISMS CAPTURE ENERGY FROM SUNLIGHT WITH PIGMENTS
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PHOTOSYNTHESIS USES
THE ENERGY OF SUNLIGHT TO CONVERT WATER AND CARBON DIOXIDE (REACTANTS) INTO HIGH-ENERGY SUGARS AND OXYGEN (PRODUCTS)
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3THE LIGHT-DEPENDENT REACTIONS USE ENERGY FROM SUNLIGHT TO PRODUCE OXYGEN AND CONVERT ADP AND NADP+ INTO THE ENERGY
CARRIERS ATP AND NADPH
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AMONG THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTORS THAT AFFECT PHOTOSYNTHESIS ARE TEMPERATURE, LIGHT
INTENSITY, AND THE AVAILABILITY OF WATER
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1-ORGANISMS GET THE ENERGY THEY NEED FROM FOOD
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PHOTOSYNTHESIS REMOVES CARBON DIOXIDE FROM THE ATMOSPHERE, AND
CELLULAR RESPIRATION PUTS IT BACK
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DURING THE KREBS CYCLE, PYRUVIC ACID IS BROKEN DOWN INTO CARBON DIOXIDE IN
A SERIES OF ENERGY EXTRACTING REACTIONS
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TOGETHER, GLYCOLYSIS, THE KREBS CYCLE, AND THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN RELEASE
ABOUT 36 MOLECULES OF ATP PER MOLECULE OF GLUCOSE
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3 IN THE ABSENCE OF OXYGEN, FERMENTATION RELEASES ENERGY FROM FOOD
MOLECULES BY PRODUCING ATP
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FOR EXERCISE LONGER THAN ABOUT 90 SECONDS, CELLULAR RESPIRATION IS THE ONLY WAY TO CONTINUE
GENERATING A SUPPLY OF ATP
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1-THE LARGER A CELL BECOMES, THE MORE DEMANDS THE CELL PLACES ON ITS DNA
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ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION IS THE
PRODUCTION OF GENETICALLY IDENTICAL OFFSPRING FROM A SINGLE PARENT
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DURING THE CELL CYCLE, A CELL GROWS, PREPARES FOR DIVISION, AND DIVIDES TO FORM TWO DAUGHTER CELLS
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DURING METAPHASE, THE CHROMOSOMES LINE UP ACROSS THE CENTER OF THE CELL
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DURING TELOPHASE, THE
CHROMOSOMES, WHICH WERE DISTINCT AND CONDENSED, BEGIN TO SPREAD OUT INTO A TANGLE OF CHROMATIN
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CANCER CELLS DO NOT RESPOND TO THE SIGNALS THAT REGULATE THE GROWTH OF MOST CELLS
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THE
UNSPECIALIZED CELLS FROM WHICH DIFFERENTIATED CELLS DEVELOP ARE KNOWN AS STEM CELLS
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HUMAN EMBRYONIC STEM CELL RESEARCH IS
CONTROVERSIAL BECAUSE THE ARGUMENTS FOR IT AND AGAINST IT BOTH INVOLVE ETHICAL ISSUES OF LIFE AND DEATH
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1-AN INDIVIDUAL’S
CHARACTERISTICS ARE DETERMINED BY FACTORS THAT ARE PASSED FROM ONE PARENTAL GENERATION TO THE NEXT
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THE
PRINCIPLE OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT STATES THAT GENES FOR DIFFERENT TRAITS CAN SEGREGATE INDEPENDENTLY DURING THE FORMATION OF
GAMETES
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HERSHEY AND CHASE’S EXPERIMENT WITH BACTERIOPHAGES
CONFIRMED AVERY’S RESULTS, CONVINCING MANY SCIENTISTS THAT DNA WAS THE GENETIC MATERIAL FOUND IN GENES—NOT JUST IN VIRUSES
AND BACTERIA, BUT IN ALL LIVING CELLS
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THE CLUES IN FRANKLIN’S X-RAY PATTERN ENABLED WATSON AND CRICK TO BUILD A MODEL THAT EXPLAINED THE SPECIFIC STRUCTURE
AND PROPERTIES OF DNA
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REPLICATION IN MOST PROKARYOTIC CELLS STARTS FROM A SINGLE POINT AND PROCEEDS IN TWO DIRECTIONS UNTIL THE ENTIRE CHROMOSOME IS
COPIED
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HUMAN GENES FOLLOW THE SAME MENDELIAN PATTERNS OF
INHERITANCE AS THE GENES OF OTHER ORGANISMS
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THE ALLELES FOR OTHER
HUMAN GENES DISPLAY CODOMINANT INHERITANCE
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THE INFORMATION GAINED FROM PEDIGREE ANALYSIS MAKES IT POSSIBLE TO DETERMINE THE
NATURE OF GENES AND ALLELES ASSOCIATED WITH INHERITED HUMAN TRAITS
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2-CHANGES IN A GENE’S DNA SEQUENCE CAN CHANGE
PROTEINS BY ALTERING THEIR AMINO ACID SEQUENCES, WHICH MAY DIRECTLY AFFECT ONE’S PHENOTYPE
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THE HUMAN GENOME PROJECT WAS A 13-YEAR, INTERNATIONAL EFFORT WITH THE MAIN GOALS OF SEQUENCING ALL 3 BILLION BASE
PAIRS OF HUMAN DNA AND IDENTIFYING ALL HUMAN GENES
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IT ALSO IDENTIFIED
ABOUT THREE MILLION LOCATIONS WHERE SINGLE-BASE DNA DIFFERENCES OCCUR IN HUMANS
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THIS IS THE PROCESS BY WHICH AN OFFSPRING CELL OR ORGANISM ACQUIRES OR BECOMES PREDISPOSED TO THE
CHARACTERISTICS OF ITS PARENT CELL OR ORGANISM
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PEOPLE WITH SCD HAVE ABNORMAL HEMOGLOBIN, CALLED HEMOGLOBIN S OR SICKLE HEMOGLOBIN,
IN THEIR RED BLOOD CELLS

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