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Title: Understanding Wide Area Networks
Description: Understanding Wide Area Networks. Permanent Virtual Circuits, POTS/PSTN. The differences between static and dynamic routing. • How to install and configure RRAS to function as a network router and how to install the Routing Information Protocol. • How to define packet switching types, such as X.25 and Frame Relay. • What T-carrier lines are, the different types of lines, and their Japanese and European counterparts. • The basics about various other wide area networking technologies, such as ATM, SONET, FDDI, and so on. • An introduction to different personal and small business Internet connectivity types.
Description: Understanding Wide Area Networks. Permanent Virtual Circuits, POTS/PSTN. The differences between static and dynamic routing. • How to install and configure RRAS to function as a network router and how to install the Routing Information Protocol. • How to define packet switching types, such as X.25 and Frame Relay. • What T-carrier lines are, the different types of lines, and their Japanese and European counterparts. • The basics about various other wide area networking technologies, such as ATM, SONET, FDDI, and so on. • An introduction to different personal and small business Internet connectivity types.
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11/29/2012
Understanding Wide
Area Networks
Lesson 7
Objectives
1
11/29/2012
Routing
• Routing is the process of moving data across
networks or internetworks between hosts or
between routers themselves
...
• A router is in charge of maintaining tables of
information about other routers on the
network or internetwork
...
• A dynamic route is one that has been
implemented dynamically with special
routing protocols
...
– Routing Information Protocol (RIP)
– Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)
– Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP)
– Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)
Routing Information Protocol
• A dynamic protocol that uses distance-vector
routing algorithms to decipher which route to
send data packets
...
• RIPv1 and RIPv2 are common among
today’s networks
...
• This is perhaps the most commonly used
interior gateway protocol in large networks
...
Routing Protocols
• Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP): A
proprietary protocol used in large networks
to overcome the limitations of RIP
...
4
11/29/2012
Configuring RRAS Server
RIP Installed
5
11/29/2012
WAN Technology
• Wide area networks connect multiple local
area networks together
...
Packet Switching
• Most WANs utilize some type of packet
switching technology
...
25 and
Frame Relay
...
6
11/29/2012
X
...
25 communications protocol was one of
the first implementations of packet
switching, and it is still in use today
...
X
...
• The PAD sends the packets to a CSU/DSU
(high-speed digital data interchange device)
as serial information
...
7
11/29/2012
X
...
25 Packet
8
11/29/2012
Packet Switching Exchange
• A packet switching exchange (PSE) are located in the
central offices just inside the cloud, and they are really
mega switching computers that handle huge numbers
of packets and decide which circuit (out of tens of
thousands) each packet will take
...
– Today, it is a digital line, usually at the speed of 64K
...
Virtual Circuits
• Remember, the PSE has thousands of circuits from
which to choose
...
• The chances of the entire message of packets
taking one circuit are slim, because so many
different users and companies are utilizing the
bandwidth
...
9
11/29/2012
Hops
• There could be several PSE stops along the
way
...
• These stops are also known as hops
hops
...
X
...
25 automatically recovers and sends
it again
...
25 allows shared access among multiple users on
the LAN
...
25 has full error and flow control
...
– X
...
• Pricing is per shared packet sent, not per minute
...
25 is a synchronous, digital transmission
...
10
11/29/2012
Frame Relay
• Frame Relay is the advancement of X
...
• It is a newer form of packet switching
designed for faster connections
...
Frame Relay created the
“virtual network” that resides in the cloud
...
T1 Mesh Network
11
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Frame Relay Network
Permanent Virtual Circuits
• With Frame Relay, multiple sessions can run
simultaneously on the same link
...
• The PVC links the sites together in the cloud,
and this is accomplished, once again, by the
PSE (packet switching exchange)
...
• Also with Frame Relay, you must commit to a
certain amount of information over time
...
The
CIR is assigned to each PVC that services the
organization’s account
...
Frame Relay
Packet
13
11/29/2012
T-Carriers
• A T-carrier or telecommunications carrier
system is a cabling and interface system
designed to carry data at high speeds
...
• Correspondingly, DS1 would be the digital
signaling scheme for the T1-carrier
...
544 Mbps, but only
T1:
1
...
– The 1
...
– T3: Stands for trunk Carrier 3
...
It is considered 44
...
14
11/29/2012
T-Carriers
• T1 and T3 are the names used in the United
States
...
ISDN
• The Integrated Services Digital Network
(ISDN) is a digital technology developed to
combat the limitations of PSTN
...
15
11/29/2012
ISDN
• ISDN can be broken down into two major
categories:
– Basic rate ISDN (BRI)
(BRI):
•This is 128 Kbps with two equal B channels
at 64 Kbps each for data, and one 16 Kbps D
channel for timing
...
ISDN
– Primary rate ISDN (PRI)
(PRI):
•This is 1
...
•PRI has 23 equal 64 Kbps B channels for
data, along with one 64 Kbps D channel for
timing
...
• The cells involved in ATM are a fixed length,
normally 53 octets (or 53 8-bit bytes)
...
• SONET is an abbreviation of Synchronous
Optical Network
...
84 Mbps
155
...
08 Mbps
1
...
488 Gbps
9
...
• It uses the ring topology
...
– xDSL is the standard for the various digital subscriber
lines
...
– SDSL (symmetrical digital subscriber line) is installed
(usually to companies) as a separate line and is more
expensive
...
Broadband Cable
• Broadband cable is used for cable Internet
and cable TV
...
• DSLreports
...
19
11/29/2012
POTS/PSTN
• POTS/PSTN stands for plain old telephone
system/public switched telephone network
...
• POTS/PSTN is now digital at the switching
office and some central offices, but there
analog lines run to people’s homes
...
• How to install and configure RRAS to function as a
network router and how to install the Routing Information
Protocol
...
25 and
Frame Relay
...
• The basics about various other wide area networking
technologies, such as ATM, SONET, FDDI, and so on
...
20
Title: Understanding Wide Area Networks
Description: Understanding Wide Area Networks. Permanent Virtual Circuits, POTS/PSTN. The differences between static and dynamic routing. • How to install and configure RRAS to function as a network router and how to install the Routing Information Protocol. • How to define packet switching types, such as X.25 and Frame Relay. • What T-carrier lines are, the different types of lines, and their Japanese and European counterparts. • The basics about various other wide area networking technologies, such as ATM, SONET, FDDI, and so on. • An introduction to different personal and small business Internet connectivity types.
Description: Understanding Wide Area Networks. Permanent Virtual Circuits, POTS/PSTN. The differences between static and dynamic routing. • How to install and configure RRAS to function as a network router and how to install the Routing Information Protocol. • How to define packet switching types, such as X.25 and Frame Relay. • What T-carrier lines are, the different types of lines, and their Japanese and European counterparts. • The basics about various other wide area networking technologies, such as ATM, SONET, FDDI, and so on. • An introduction to different personal and small business Internet connectivity types.