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Perception and Learning
Perception;
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The process of combining, integrating, and interpreting information about others to gain an
accurate understanding of them
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We are often unaware of it
- How do we perceive the causes of other people’s behavior?
1
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g
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) Perceived cause of disposition could be inaccurate because could have been external
forces (e
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leaving on vacation) or concealment of true traits (just being hardworking now to get
promoted
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Casual Attributions – Internal or external factors depending on the consistency, consensus, and
distinctiveness of the situation
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Everyone else at the meeting also shows up late
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Suzy is never late for work
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No one else at the meeting shows up late
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Suzy is often late for work
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Fundamental Attribution Error;
 The tendency to attribute others’ actions to internal causes (i
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their traits) while
largely ignoring external factors that also may have influenced behavior
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2
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3
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g
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 Why? (1) Empathize better and more lenient
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4
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5
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6
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 Pygmalion Effect: A has high expectations of B and B’s performance becomes high
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7
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Stereotypes can be positive or negative
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 Because of rebound effect (i
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thinking about something more when trying not to),
think creatively because creativity often requires thinking differently
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Learning;


A relatively permanent change in behavior occurring as a result of experience
 Has to be a change
 Change has to be permanent
 Change has to be the result of experience (i
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continued contact with the world
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How we behave depends on those consequences
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Contingencies of Reinforcement;

ii)

Observational Learning;
 Vicarious learning
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 Discovered by Bandura who showed that without punishment or rewards (i
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Skinner,) kids would behave aggressively towards Bobo doll based on what they saw
others previously doing to the doll
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2
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4
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Learner must be able to reproduce the model’s behavior
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Learner must pay careful attention to the model’s behavior

Training;
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

Systematically teaching employees to acquire and improve job-related skills and knowledge
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Principles of learning; Participation, repetition, active learning, transfer of training, feedback
(and potentially 360-degree feedback)
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Discipline; systematically administering punishments to alter behavior
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To Discipline Effectively:
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Deliver punishment immediately after an undesirable response occurs
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e
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Punish the undesirable behavior not the person
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Clearly communicate the reasons for the punishment given while showing dignity and respect

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