Notesale: Turn your study into money

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CHAPTER 4 : CELLS
what the fuck it be doing?
where can you hit them up?
how many kinds are there?

10^13 cells in body
10^14 cells on the body

Evolution is the unifying biological theme
all cells are related by their descent from earlier cells but have been modified in various
ways during the history of life on Earth
...
))))

Cytology combined with biochemistry, the
study of molecules and chemical
processes
in metabolism, produced modern cell
biology
...

The resulting forces cause a fraction of the cell
components to settle to the bottom of the tube,
forming a pellet
...

why does cancer actually kill people? its all organ failure, the rapid replication of
cells stops organs from functioning
...

transport protiens along with the phospholipid bilayer make the cell selectively
permeable
...
it can get away with being really small
because it gets a lot of shit done through the host cell
...


surface area and volume :
Metabolic requirements also set an upper limit to the size of a single cell
...

Smaller objects have a higher ratio of surface area to volume
...

chromatin is protein and DNA
chemically , the most important part of DNA is the phosphate backbone
histones are basic proteins
...

pores : proteins have to get in ( enzymes for replication synthesis)
RNA has to get out
want to turn on a gene in the nucleus? messages need to go back
and forth to stimulate them
...

theres a continuum between nuclear
membrane and endoplasmic reticulum
...

if it goes to the rough endoplasmic reticulum
it goes to the membrane, and then
somewhere else extracellularly through a
transport vescicle
...
Many transport vesicles
from the ER travel to the Golgi apparatus for
modification of their contents
...

The Golgi apparatus consists of flattened
membranous sacs—cisternae—that look like
a stack of pita bread?

The cis face receives material
by fusing with transport
vesicles from the ER
...


Products from the ER are usually modified during their transit from the cis to the
trans region of the Golgi apparatus

Various Golgi enzymes modify the carbohydrate portions of glycoproteins
...


The carbohydrate on the resulting glycoprotein is modified as it passes through
the rest of the ER and the Golgi
...

(?)
The Golgi can also manufacture its own macromolecules, including pectin and
other noncellulose polysaccharides
...


the cisternae of the Golgi progress from the cis to the trans face, carrying
and modifying their protein cargo as they move

Molecular identification tags such as phosphate groups are added to products to
aid in sorting
...
Transport vesicles budded from the Golgi may have
external molecules on their membranes that recognize “docking sites” on the
surface of specific organelles or on the plasma membrane, thus targeting them
appropriately
...
they resist
compression to the cell
...
(9xtriplets of microtubules
arranged in a ring)

Before an animal cell divides, the centrioles replicate
...


Microfilaments are solid rods about 7 nm in diameter
...
Each microfilament is built as a
twisted double chain of actin subunits
...
Microfilaments are present in
all eukaryotic cells
...

When the shape of the entire cell is correlated with function, intermediate filaments support that
shape
...

When a plant cell stops growing, it strengthens its wall by adding a
secondary cell wall between the plasma membrane and the primary
wall
...
It has a
strong and durable matrix that provides support and protection
...
)
Plant cell walls are perforated by channels

bet ween adjacent

cells called plasmodesmata
...




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