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Title: Use of metals in medicine
Description: Pharmacy part 2. Metals used therapeutically, heavy metal sources and poisoning as well as symptoms detection and treatment. chelation therapy, use of metal ions in the human body, essential elements needed in the body. Very good notes, everything you need to know about the headings listed in the description! Great for use before exams.

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Use  of  metals  in  Medicine    
 
Uses    
• Anti  cancer    
• Diagnostic  agents    
• Treatment  for  high  phosphate  levels    
• Treatment  for  rheumatoid  arthritis    
 
Metals  =  solid  whose  electrical  conductivity  increases  with  increasing  temp
...
 
 
Interaction  of  metals  with  biomolecules  
• Redox  behaviour,  Magnetic  moments,  Radioactivity    
àPhotodynamic  therapy    
àDNA  deformation  –  metal  co-­‐ordinates  to  N  in  DNA  and  deforms  it,  this  can  
be  used  to  cause  cell  death  of  cancer  cells  
àMagnetic  resonance  imaging    
àRadiopharmaceutics  for  imaging  and  therapy    
 
Toxicity    
• Toxic  at  high  concentrations    
• Deficient  in  low  con  
• Needs  to  be  within  the  correct  concentration  range  to  have  beneficial  
effects
...
   
 
Importance  of  metal  ions  for  humans    
• Catalysing  reactions  by  hydrolysing  –  carbonic  anhydrase  or  substrate  
transfer  e
...
 iron  in  haemoglobin
...
   
 
Biologically  important  metals  =  Na,  Ca,  K,  Mg  
 
Atom  =  smallest  mass  that  defines  a  chemical  element    
 
Electronic  configuration  order  of  shell  filling    
• 1Sà2Sà2Pà3Sà3Pà4Sà3Dà4P  
 
Heavy  metal  poisoning  =  accumulation  of  heavy  metals  in  soft  tissue
...
 
 
Symptoms    
• N  &V    
• Diarrhoea    
• Stomach  pain    
• Sweating    
• Headache    
• Metallic  taste  in  mouth  
• Blue  black  lines  in  gum    
• Impairment  of  cognitive,  motor  and  language  skills    
 
Detection    
• Urinalysis    
• Blood  tests    
• Hair  and  tissue  analysis  –  arsenic  accumulates  here  
• X  ray-­‐  
àLevels  needed  to  poison  are  lower  in  children  then  in  adults  due  to  less  
levels  of  smooth  muscle
...
 
 
Diagnosis  –  Arsenic  poisoning    
• Quickly  cleared  from  the  blood  
• >50micrograms/dL  in  the  urine    
• X  rays  –  Arsenic  opaque  to  X  rays  –  detected  in  abdomen    
• Remains  in  hair  and  nails  for  months    
 
Treatment    
*Usually  painful  and  lengthy  and  requires  hospitalisation    
• Chelation  agent  specific  to  metal  –  binds  to  metal,  forms  a  complex,  
travels  to  blood  stream,  filtered  to  kidney  and  cleared  in  urine
...
 The  molecules  are  organic  
and  can  form  more  than  one  bond  to  the  metal  ionà  polydentate  ligands  
=  single  ligand  has  more  than  one  atom  that  can  bind  to  the  central  atom
...
   
• Synthetic  amino  acid  
• Clinical  uses    
àacute  hyperkalaemia    
àmercury  poisoning    
àlead  poisoning    
Combination  of  EDTA  and  chromium  (gold  standard  for  GFR  calculation)  
• Monitored  by  checking  filtration  in  the  urine  
• Administered  IV  
• Filtered  in  the  glomerulus  and  not  metabolised  or  secreted
...
   
àArsenic  poisoning  1st  line    
àmercury  poisoning    
àlead  poisoning    
àWilsons  disease  –  body  retains  copper    
• Narrow  therapeutic  range    
• Painful  administration  IM  injection  
• Can  concentrate  arsenic  in  some  organs    
 
Penicillamine    
• Metabolite  of  Penicillin    
• Two  forms  D-­‐  Penicillamine  and  L  Penicillamine  (toxic)  
àRheumatoid  arthritis  
àarsenic  poisoning  2nd  line    
à  Wilsons  disease    
àcystinuria  (cysteine  stones  in  urine)  
àScleroderma  (hardening  of  the  skin)  
• Adverse  effects    
àBone  marrow  suppression    
àAnorexia    
àVomiting    
àDiarrhoea    
 
DMSA  –  dimercaptosuccinic  acid    
• Standard  treatment  of  lead  mercury  and  arsenic  poisoning
...
   
• Could  potentially  re  mobilise  mercury  from  tissue  into  CNS  =  toxicity
Title: Use of metals in medicine
Description: Pharmacy part 2. Metals used therapeutically, heavy metal sources and poisoning as well as symptoms detection and treatment. chelation therapy, use of metal ions in the human body, essential elements needed in the body. Very good notes, everything you need to know about the headings listed in the description! Great for use before exams.