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Title: Use of metals in medicine
Description: Pharmacy part 2. Metals used therapeutically, heavy metal sources and poisoning as well as symptoms detection and treatment. chelation therapy, use of metal ions in the human body, essential elements needed in the body. Very good notes, everything you need to know about the headings listed in the description! Great for use before exams.
Description: Pharmacy part 2. Metals used therapeutically, heavy metal sources and poisoning as well as symptoms detection and treatment. chelation therapy, use of metal ions in the human body, essential elements needed in the body. Very good notes, everything you need to know about the headings listed in the description! Great for use before exams.
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Use of metals in Medicine
Uses
• Anti cancer
• Diagnostic agents
• Treatment for high phosphate levels
• Treatment for rheumatoid arthritis
Metals = solid whose electrical conductivity increases with increasing temp
...
Interaction of metals with biomolecules
• Redox behaviour, Magnetic moments, Radioactivity
àPhotodynamic therapy
àDNA deformation – metal co-‐ordinates to N in DNA and deforms it, this can
be used to cause cell death of cancer cells
àMagnetic resonance imaging
àRadiopharmaceutics for imaging and therapy
Toxicity
• Toxic at high concentrations
• Deficient in low con
• Needs to be within the correct concentration range to have beneficial
effects
...
Importance of metal ions for humans
• Catalysing reactions by hydrolysing – carbonic anhydrase or substrate
transfer e
...
iron in haemoglobin
...
Biologically important metals = Na, Ca, K, Mg
Atom = smallest mass that defines a chemical element
Electronic configuration order of shell filling
• 1Sà2Sà2Pà3Sà3Pà4Sà3Dà4P
Heavy metal poisoning = accumulation of heavy metals in soft tissue
...
Symptoms
• N &V
• Diarrhoea
• Stomach pain
• Sweating
• Headache
• Metallic taste in mouth
• Blue black lines in gum
• Impairment of cognitive, motor and language skills
Detection
• Urinalysis
• Blood tests
• Hair and tissue analysis – arsenic accumulates here
• X ray-‐
àLevels needed to poison are lower in children then in adults due to less
levels of smooth muscle
...
Diagnosis – Arsenic poisoning
• Quickly cleared from the blood
• >50micrograms/dL in the urine
• X rays – Arsenic opaque to X rays – detected in abdomen
• Remains in hair and nails for months
Treatment
*Usually painful and lengthy and requires hospitalisation
• Chelation agent specific to metal – binds to metal, forms a complex,
travels to blood stream, filtered to kidney and cleared in urine
...
The molecules are organic
and can form more than one bond to the metal ionà polydentate ligands
= single ligand has more than one atom that can bind to the central atom
...
• Synthetic amino acid
• Clinical uses
àacute hyperkalaemia
àmercury poisoning
àlead poisoning
Combination of EDTA and chromium (gold standard for GFR calculation)
• Monitored by checking filtration in the urine
• Administered IV
• Filtered in the glomerulus and not metabolised or secreted
...
àArsenic poisoning 1st line
àmercury poisoning
àlead poisoning
àWilsons disease – body retains copper
• Narrow therapeutic range
• Painful administration IM injection
• Can concentrate arsenic in some organs
Penicillamine
• Metabolite of Penicillin
• Two forms D-‐ Penicillamine and L Penicillamine (toxic)
àRheumatoid arthritis
àarsenic poisoning 2nd line
à Wilsons disease
àcystinuria (cysteine stones in urine)
àScleroderma (hardening of the skin)
• Adverse effects
àBone marrow suppression
àAnorexia
àVomiting
àDiarrhoea
DMSA – dimercaptosuccinic acid
• Standard treatment of lead mercury and arsenic poisoning
...
• Could potentially re mobilise mercury from tissue into CNS = toxicity
Title: Use of metals in medicine
Description: Pharmacy part 2. Metals used therapeutically, heavy metal sources and poisoning as well as symptoms detection and treatment. chelation therapy, use of metal ions in the human body, essential elements needed in the body. Very good notes, everything you need to know about the headings listed in the description! Great for use before exams.
Description: Pharmacy part 2. Metals used therapeutically, heavy metal sources and poisoning as well as symptoms detection and treatment. chelation therapy, use of metal ions in the human body, essential elements needed in the body. Very good notes, everything you need to know about the headings listed in the description! Great for use before exams.