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Electrostatics or Static Electricity or Frictional Electricity
All of us have the experience of seeing a spark or hearing a crackle when we take off our
synthetic clothes or sweater, particularly in dry weather
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Static means anything that does not move or change with time
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Frictional Electricity is the electricity produced by rubbing two suitable bodies and transfer
of electrons from one body to other
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The name electricity was taken from the Greek word 'Elecktron'
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There exists only two types of charges, namely positive and negative
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Charge is a scalar quantity
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5x10-67 N, whereas it observed an electron repel another electron placed 1 cm apart
because of electric force is 2
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Since this repulsive force is very large as compare to
attractive force of gravitation, there must be some additional property associated with
electron
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When a body gets the static charge by any means then body is said to be electrified or
charged
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Fundamental Electronic Charge (e = 1
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SI unit of charge is Coulomb ( C ) and
is generally denoted by q
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If the
quarks are detected in any experiment with concrete practical evidence, then the minimum

value of ‘quantum of charge’ will be either ⅓ e or ⅔ e
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Two Kinds of Charges
It was observed that if two glass rods rubbed with wool or silk cloth are brought close to each
other, they repel each other Fig
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The two strands of wool or two pieces of silk cloth, with
which the rods were rubbed, also repel each other
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Similarly, two plastic rods rubbed with cat’s fur repelled each other Fig
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On the other hand, the plastic rods attract the glass rod Fig
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The glass rod repels the fur
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d and are also repelled by the rod
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e
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f
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The experiments on pith balls suggested that there are two kinds of electrification
and we find that
(i)
(ii)

like charges repel and
Unlike charges attract each other
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The property which differentiates the two kinds of charges is called the polarity of charge
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The charge is static on rubbed portion only
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They have electric charges (electrons) that are comparatively free to move inside
the material
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Those substances which do not allow electricity to pass through them easily are called
insulators
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Insulators are also called Dielectric
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However, when a electric field is applied, induced charges appear on the surface of the
dielectric
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When we bring a charged body in contact with the earth, all the excess charge on the body
disappears by causing a momentary current to pass to the ground through the connecting
conductor (such as our body)
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