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COMMERCE NOTES
Areas of Law
3
...
People with strength and
power would dominate and the helpless would suffer
...
E
...
3
...
) to make new laws or change existing ones
Police enforce laws
• Police do not make the laws, they only enforce the Laws
• They also prevent and investigate crime, protect life and property,
maintain peace and order
• Police assist prosecution of suspected offenders
• there are rules that outline police powers and how they do their job
Courts Interpret laws
• Courts settle disputes according to strict rules of evidence and procedure
• Court officials are responsible for the administration of the court and the
efficient running of a case
Judges have the ability to create law through the decision they make
when hearing a case an act of precedent
• Most courts are open courts; people may enter and listen to the case
Law-Breakers are punished by court
• Prisons hold people convicted of a crime
• Prison staff manage the prison
• All offenders must be given the opportunity of rehabilitation
• Imprisonment- loss of freedom is the harshest form of punishment that
can be imposed
•
Juries
•
•
•
•
•
A jury is a group f people who sit in a criminal or civil court and hear
evidence and make decisions about facts with guidance from a judge
...
Some people are ineligible to serve whilst others are exempt from service
typical groups that may be exempt include teachers, nurses or sole
traders
...
• Common defence is did not fully understand the consequences of their
actions
• People who are under 16 and are found guilty of an offence will have no
conviction recorded against them unless it was a serious offence
o Wiped within 3 years
WITNESS
• Gives evidence to the court
• witness must swear an oath or affirmation
• This could be to God, koran, law
VICTIM
•
•
•
Is a person who is injured or killed in a act of violence
Young person can be a victim of a criminal offence at any age
Also if a victim is yet to be born (illegal abortion)
PUNISHMENT FOR A CRIME
Fines
payment of monetary amount as a direct consequence of a crime e
...
g murder, manslaughter can be carried out through a hanging,
eletrocution, gas chamber, guillotine, shooting, lethal injection
Imprisonment
• The offender must spend time in jail
Weekend detention
• Must spend time in jail but goes home during the week
Bond
• You must be of good behaviour for a set amount of time or pay a fine
Community service
• The offender must do unpaid community work e
...
“Justice denied”, “Justice delayed”
• Procedures
o Limited knowledge of the law, not aware of your responsibilities,
rights
o Access may be restricted because of this
o Can be intimidating and confusing
Purpose of Sentencing
• To ensure the offender is punished for the offence
• To prevent crime by deterring the offender and other persons from
committing similar offences
• To protect the community from the offender
• To promote the rehabilitation of the offender
• To make the offender accountable for his or her actions
• To denounce the conduct
Enforcing Mandatory Penalties
• Judges being unable to apply the sentencing principles of proportionality,
totality and imprisonment
• Fewer pleas of guilty, meaning more trials juries being reluctant to
convicted (similar to when the death sentence was imposed)
Global links
8
...
This process has been strengthened by the impact of
globalisation and has risen greatly since due to the ability for faster
travel becoming real
...
g
this laptop was not made in Australia or phones or lights and tech
...
They also normally provide consumers with a competitive
price
...
8
...
7%
Japan: 16
...
6%
Republic of Korea : 8
...
5%
Merica : 4
...
1%
8
...
GOVERNMENT AID
• The Australian government’s overseas aid program is managed by
AusAID- The Australians Agency for International development
• AusAID provides assistance for over 60 million people living in poverty
around the world
• These programs play an important role in assisting the economic
development of and maintaining links with recipient countries
• Most of these countries are located within the Asian-pacific region
ROLE OF FOREIGN AID
• Two thirds of the world’s poor live in Australia’s region
• One billion people in the world lack basic literacy Skills
• 2
...
Tertiary: tertiary sells those goods and services to the economy
quaternary industry
...
It
is considered the fourth basic industry
...
Economic structural change refers to a long-term shift in
the fundamental structure of an economy, which is often
linked to growth and economic development
...
2
...
3
...
Primary industry is the raw material/natural resource
extraction resource extraction like in agriculture or mining
...
The tertiary sector refers to communication,
entertainment, business, and professional and community
services
5
...
6
...
It has become such a high
priority lately due to people wanting to balance work and
life
7
...
THE ADVANTAGES OF FURTHER EDUCATION AND
TRAINING
· Education and training improve your job prospects and
subsequently your income
...
This gives
you a chance to apply for a tertiary course- Tertiary courses
tend to lead to jobs that are permanent and that pay well
· Many young people may complete school after year 10, but go
to complete further study and training in an apprenticeship and
traineeship
...
· At the completion of your studies, you will receive an ATARAustralian Tertiary Admission Rank
· This score is used to rank your performance in relation to all
other students who completed year 12 in the same year across
the state
TVET
· Some students decide not to receive an ATAR and choose a
vocationally based course
· These TVET courses give students practical, work-related
experience, as well as literacy and numeracy skills
· Students who complete a TVET course are likely to be
interested in going on to do a TAFE course, job or
apprenticeship
...
On particular days and/ or some
evening, you will be required to attend classes at a TAFE
UNIVERSITY
· Most university courses are taught through lectures and tutorials
· There is a large focus on independent learning
· When you start university, for the first time, you are known as an
undergraduate
...
Postgraduate degrees can only
be studied when you have a bachelor degree
...
2
...
4
...
Generally they will
work four days per week, and go to TAFE on day per
week
Semi-skilled
· Work completed in trades or office-based jobs
· Often ‘on-the-job’ training
· This can lead to skilled work
· For example a labourer will learn skills on the job,
however to become a builder, he/she will need to
complete an apprenticeship and go to TAFE
Un-skilled
· Require low levels of training, like factory work
...
Workplace
learning allows workers to gain new skills, which improve their
productivity
· Skills development in workplace training can be both generic
(common skills like communication, organisation and typing) and
technical skills (special skills for a particular job such as using
new technology and safe working practices)
...
· There is always a chance that accidents or illness will occur in
the workplace
· Some workplaces are more dangerous than others- regardless it
is important that safe work practices exist in all workplaces
Workplace Health and Safety Act 2011 (NSW)
· The workplace health and safety Act 2011 (NSW) sets out the
obligations of the employer in providing a safe working
environment in relation to employees physical and psychological
health and safety
· The Act came into effect on the 1 January 2012 until
· Employees are also expected to do their part by not engaging in
unsafe work practices that are likely to injure themselves or
others
st
Anti-Discrimination
· Discrimination occurs when a person is treated less
favourably because of factors such as gender, age,
ethnicity, religion or disability
· Discrimination occurs in the workplace when an employer
takes adverse action against an employee or prospective
employee because of a protective attribute
Protected Attributes
· Age
· Pregnancy
· Marital Status
· Colour
· Race
· National Extraction
· Social Origin
· Gender
· Political opinion Religion Physical or Mental
Disability
Adverse Actions
· Firing an employee
· Not allowing employees legal entitlements such as leave
· Treating an employee differently than others
· Not hiring someone
· Changing an employee’s job to their disadvantage
When can discrimination occur?
· To someone applying for a job as an employee
· To a new employee who hasn’t started work
· To an employee at any time during employee
Discrimination Legislation
· Racial Discrimination Act 1975 (Cwlth)
· Sex Discrimination Act 1984 (Cwlth)
· Disability Discrimination Act 1992 (Cwlth)
· Age Discrimination Act 2004 (Cwlth)
· Affirmative Action Act 1986 (Cwlth)
SEXUAL HARASSMENT-Commerce
The Anti-Discrimination Act 1997 (NSW) and the sex
Discrimination Act 1984 (NSW) make sexual harassment
unlawful
Sexual harassment covers a wide range of unwelcome
behaviour of a sexual nature that could make a person
feel humiliated or offended