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Lung Diseases
Tuberculosis
Causes:
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Caused by bacteria
Immune system cells build a wall around
this bacteria in the lungs
Forming small, hard lumps called tubercles
Infected tissue in the tubercles and the gas
exchange surface is damaged
The dormant bacteria that remains can
become active by the immune system
becoming suppressed, which could be cause
by old age, stress or HIV
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Emphysema

Causes:
 Heavy smoking, particles in smoke stimulate white blood cells,
releasing protein digesting enzymes
 Causing inflammation, attracting phagocytes
 Which break down elastin, which helps with
recoil of the alveoli
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Fibrosis
Causes:
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Formation of scar tissue, as a result of infection or
exposure to substances such as dust or asbestos
Scar tissue is thicker and less elastic than normal
lung tissue
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Asthma
Causes:
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Airways become inflamed and infected
Pollen, dust, sulphur dioxide, cold air, anxiety, stress all cause asthma
Symptoms include wheezing, a tight chest & shortness of breath
An asthma attack can be relieved using an inhaler, causes muscle in bronchioles to
relax, opening the airways
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