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The effect of exercise intensity on IgA levels in elite athletes

Abstract
This study examines the changes in immunoglobulin A (IgA) levels in the saliva after
different intensities of exercise
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This study had 14 healthy, male athletes take part in
running on a treadmill for 60 minutes, 45 minutes and 30 minutes, at different speeds and
on 3 separate days
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The
saliva samples would then be assayed by an enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay test kit
(ELISA)
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Key words: immunoglobulin A, upper respiratory tract infection, ELISA, elite athletes
Introduction
Immunoglobulins, also known as antibodies are produced by plasma cells and are used in
the immune system to identify and destroy foreign bodies such as bacteria and viruses
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There are five different forms of immunoglobulins; IgA, IgD,
IgE, IgG, IgM
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The first study published on the effects of exercise on IgA levels, reports that IgA levels are
lower in elite athletes and not so much in recreational athletes (Tomasi et al
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Other
previous studies have suggested that a decrease in IgA levels causes the athlete to be more
susceptible to upper respiratory infection (URI) (Mackinnon et al
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Athletes who have
competed in long distance racing, showed that their immunoglobulin A levels have
decreased by 10 % at the least (Nieman et al
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More work on this matter has been published stating that there
is a considerable decrease in immunoglobulin A levels in saliva after long lasting training and
an increase in URI (Gleeson et al
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However on the other hand, there have been other
studies that suggest immunoglobulin levels in saliva increase after training in elite athletes,
compared to untrained people (Francis et al
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The main aim of this study is to investigate the changes in IgA levels following exercise at 3
different intensities
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The hypothesis that I’m putting forward for this protocol, would be that the higher the
intensity of exercise of an elite athlete, the fewer immunoglobulins are produced in their
body
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The
subjects are 14 male students, aging from 19- 29, from the Cardiff Metropolitan School of
Sport
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The subjects should be healthy and not take drugs like
immunosuppressant, phenytoin
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They are
also asked to avoid drinking alcohol 12 hours before the start of the study and not to eat
food some 2 hours before the experiment
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This
is so that once they come in and exercise they have time for their immunoglobulin A levels
to come back to normal and doing all three intensities on the same day will be very tiring
and may cause discomfort for the subjects
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Method
These 14 subjects will be going through 3 separate intensity of exercise; maximum exercise
intensity, medium and low exercise intensity
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This is so that their IgA
levels are restored back to normal
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Experiment 1: The subject starts of walking on the treadmill and gradually increases speed
by 1mph every 5 minutes, till they reach 9mph
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They will be encouraged to continue and
complete the time given; however, it’s their choice that will be taken into consideration
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Experiment 2: This task again will take place at around the same time as the previous task
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Again they are advised to start of slow by jogging and then picking up speed every 5
minutes
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Experiment 3: A further 48 hours later the low intensity exercise takes place
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This study will also be taking place at around the same time as the other two
experiments
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These samples are collected at around the same time for the three
days that this experiment takes place; this is in order to make the samples a bit more
reliable
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Immunoglobulin assay: The saliva samples will then be tested by the enzyme- linked
immunosorbant assay test kit- ELISA
...
Then pipette 100 µl of the standard dilute buffer into the
one well that is reserved for standard blanks
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Then pipette 100 µl of standards, controls and
diluted samples into the appropriate wells
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Then the solutions in the wells must be thoroughly aspirated and the liquid
discarded by washing properly 4 times
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And then tap the side of the plate to mix the solution
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Then as before thoroughly aspirate the solutions from the wells and discard the liquid, this
process should be repeated a further 3 times
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Then cover the wells with the plate cover and
incubate for 30 minutes
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Wash the well 4
times in total
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Incubate for 30 minutes in the dark
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Mix the solution by tapping gently on the side of the plate
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Within 2 hours of adding the stop solution the absorbance of each well must be taken at
450nm
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Safety and ethical consideration
The subjects would be recruited from Cardiff Metropolitan School of Sports
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This information sheet
would have all the details of the study, why we are conducting this study and also what their
roles are
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In the consent form it also states that there is
no obligation for the subject to stay and complete the whole of the study, even though it is
encouraged, they can withdraw from the study at any time they want
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There are a few risks and benefits from the study
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Other benefits from this
study is that once this experiment is done and all the data collected, we can determine if a
particular intensity lowers IgA levels and this in turn causes people to be more susceptible
to upper respiratory infection
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In any case of emergency there would be a person available who is certified in giving CPR
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Dissemination of results
Once the study is complete and all data received, the results will be disseminated to the
subjects on a one to one basis, so that a breach of confidentiality wouldn’t take place
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After this a conference may be set up to show other researchers who have done
research on the same topic as this, and the results of this study will be revealed to them
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By doing this other researchers in the future can see the methods and
findings of this survey and work on from there to find more correlations
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Cost and funding
Some of the cost that will add up to complete this study is the ELISA test kit, if the kits are
being bought online the price of two 96 tests with plates, will cost £145
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Then depending
on how much more is needed, more will be bought
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Other costs would be to fund the nurse or the person certified in CPR to be
available for all 3 days of the week
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References
ebioscience
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Human IgA ELISA Ready SET Go!® Kit
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ebioscience
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htm?c=United%20Kingdom
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Francis J
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, Gleeson M
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B
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, Clancy R
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Variation of salivary
immunoglobulins in exercising and sedentary populations
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Sci
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2005; 37:
p: 571-578
Gleeson M
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B
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Immunol
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2000; 78: p: 536-544
Mackinnon LT, Hooper S
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Int J Sports Med 1994; 15: p: 179–S183
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C
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A
...
L
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H
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R
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J
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J
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Phys
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Tomasi TB, Trudeau FB, Czerwinski D, Erredge S
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J
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Immunol
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