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Water
WATER
• 2 Hydrogen Atoms + 1 oxygen atom that are covalently bonded
• Hydrogen bonds form between water molecules
○ Weak intermolecular forces
○ Attraction between the slightly positive H and the slightly negative O of
different water molecules
• Cohesion
○ Created by the constant forming and reforming of hydrogen bonds
between water molecules
○ Enables water to move against gravity for transport in plants
○ Creates surface tension
• Surface Tension
○ A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid
○ Created by the cohesive property of water molecules
○ Water has a greater surface tension than most other liquids
• Adhesion
○ Waters ability to adhere to other polar molecules by forming hydrogen
bonds
• High Specific Heat Capacity
○ Can absorb or give off heat energy without changing temperature very
much due to the breaking and forming hydrogen bonds
○ The amount of energy required to change the temperature of water is
relatively high
○ Allows organisms to maintain a constant temperature
○ Also acts as a temperature regulator within the body (blood moves
warmer blood to cooler parts of the body)
• High Latent Heat of Vaporization
○ Transformation from liquid to gas
○ Water absorbs a great deal of heat when it evaporates
○ Used as a cooling mechanism
○ Creates sweat in animals and transpiration in plants
• High Boiling Point
○ Highest temperature reached in liquid state
○ High due to amount of energy required to break H- Bonds
○ Water stays a liquid over a broad range of temperatures (0- 100oC) which
is most habitats on earth

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○ Creates sweat in animals and transpiration in plants
High Boiling Point
○ Highest temperature reached in liquid state
○ High due to amount of energy required to break H- Bonds
○ Water stays a liquid over a broad range of temperatures (0- 100oC) which
is most habitats on earth
Solution: a liquid mixture of 2 or more substances
Aqueous Solution: Liquid in which water is the solvent
Solvent: dissolving agent of solution
Solute: substance being dissolved
Solvent
○ Water's polarity helps dissolve ions and other polar substances
○ Creates an excellent medium for transporting substances around the body
Hydrophilic
○ Water-loving
○ Any substance with an attraction to water
Hydrophobic
○ Water-fearing
○ Any substance which repels water or insoluble in water



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