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Title: Biochemistry
Description: a. Organic compounds b. Macromolecule Information i.monomer ii. polymer c.Dehydration Synthesis d. Hydrolysis e. 4 types of Macromolecules: i. Carbohydrates ii. Proteins iii. Lipids iv. Nucleic Acids e. Enzyme f. food test
Description: a. Organic compounds b. Macromolecule Information i.monomer ii. polymer c.Dehydration Synthesis d. Hydrolysis e. 4 types of Macromolecules: i. Carbohydrates ii. Proteins iii. Lipids iv. Nucleic Acids e. Enzyme f. food test
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Organic Compounds
Definitions
➢ Organic chemistryis the study of compounds that contain the element carbon
➢ Ionic bonds due to changed atoms or molecule
...
■ For example: like the bond between Nitrogenous bases in the DNA strand
...
○ Not so easily broken
■ For example: like the bond between the Nitrogenous bases, phosphate
group, and carbon sugar
...
○ PolymersWhen the individual building blocks/monomers join together you form
a more complex unit
...
Hydrolysis
➢ Reverse of dehydration synthesis
➢ lysis= “breaking”
➢ Water is needed!
➢ Reduce complexity (“catabolic”)
➢ Releases energy (“exergonic”)
➢ Enzymes still required
4 types of Macromolecules:
➢ Carbohydrates
➢ Protein
➢ Lipids
➢ Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates:
➢ Function
○ Elements: C, H, O (1:2:1 monomer ratio)
○ Sources of chemical energy
○ building blocks in DNA, RNA, Glycoproteins (used in cell communication), etc
...
○ Chitin
■ Is used in the making of some shells of animals
● For example: shrimp, insect, crabs, etc
...
○ Enzymes
○ Active Transport & Facilitated Diffusion
○ Hormones: Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH), Luteinizing Hormone (LH),
and Insulin
○ Antibodies
○ Transportshemoglobin and oxygen
○ Helps in vision, taste, and smell receptors
○ Muscle movement (actin, myosin, etc
...
○ SOme Vitamin: A, D, E & K
○ Pigments: chlorophyll, carotenoids, etc
...
○ Protective functions: oils, waxes, etc
...
Unsaturated
○ bonding of carbon in the fatty
○ Saturated = no double bonds btw
...
Fats
○ Unsaturated fats are better for you
○ Phospholipids
■ Modified triglycerides
...
■ Molecule has polar and nonpolar region (“amphipathic”)
...
○ ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) Short term storage of chemical energy
...
RNA
○ Pentase/Sugar molecule
■ DNA= Deoxyribose
■ RNA = Ribose
○ Bases
■ DNA= Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine
■ RNA= Adenine, Uracil, Guanine, Cytosine
○ Phosphate
■ Primary structure of proteins and the sequences of RNA molecules
■ Is heritable
➢ DNA Structure
○ Two chains of covalently bonded nucleotides
○ Chains are bonded to each other by hydrogen bonds
○ Purine (A,G) always opposite pyrimidine (T,C)
➢ RNA: Ribonucleic Acid
○ Transmits and translates DNA information into protein
○ Many enzymatic and regulatory functions
○ One kinds of DNA~ 15 types of known RNA at current
...
However, there are substances
that can speed up this process
...
Enzymes Vocabulary
➢ Substrate
○ reactant which binds to enzyme
○ Enzymesubstrate complex; temporary association
➢ Product
○ end result of reaction
➢ Active site
○ enzyme’s catalytic site; substrate fits into active site
What is an Enzyme?
➢ An enzyme is a protein
...
○ Enzymes are big and globular proteins
...
The
more you fold it then you create a thick mass
...
)
Enzyme Function:
➢ They are known as biological catalyst
...
➢ Enzyme’s work on a substance called a substrate
○ Enzymes work on a specific substrate
■ Example: Lock and Key
○ The substance will bind to a specific region on the enzyme called the active site
...
➢ Enzyme will work on the substrate and turn it into something different called a product
...
➢ Changes in temperature or pH can cause the shape of an enzyme to change
...
Enzyme/Substrate Facts
➢ Most enzymes are named after the substance that they work on/ substrate
...
lactase is the substrate
...
Food Test
➢ Benedict’s Solution: test for simple sugar
➢ Biuret’s Solution: test for proteins
➢ Brown Paper bag: test for lipids
➢ Iodine Test: Test for starches
Title: Biochemistry
Description: a. Organic compounds b. Macromolecule Information i.monomer ii. polymer c.Dehydration Synthesis d. Hydrolysis e. 4 types of Macromolecules: i. Carbohydrates ii. Proteins iii. Lipids iv. Nucleic Acids e. Enzyme f. food test
Description: a. Organic compounds b. Macromolecule Information i.monomer ii. polymer c.Dehydration Synthesis d. Hydrolysis e. 4 types of Macromolecules: i. Carbohydrates ii. Proteins iii. Lipids iv. Nucleic Acids e. Enzyme f. food test