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Title: Cells
Description: In depth about Types of cells, cell functions, cell types, key people in the discovery of the cell, key equipment. Also includes an overview of the history of cells. Cover information 1st year beginning Biology Major.
Description: In depth about Types of cells, cell functions, cell types, key people in the discovery of the cell, key equipment. Also includes an overview of the history of cells. Cover information 1st year beginning Biology Major.
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Cell Notes
Overview
➢ Selective permeability that is, it allows some substances to cross it more easily than
others
➢ A phospholipid is an amphipathic molecule, meaning it has both a hydrophilic region and
a hydrophobic region
...
J
...
Nicolson proposed that membrane proteins are dispersed and
individually inserted into the phospholipids bilayer, with only their hydrophilic regions
protruding far enough from the bilayer to be exposed to water
➢ A method of preparing cells for electron microscopy called freezefracture has
demonstrated usually that proteins are indeed embedded in the phospholipids bilayer of
the membrane
...
➢ Lateral movement of phospholipid within the membrane is rapid (107 times per second
➢ 2 um phospholipids can travel
➢ Bacon grease forms lard when it cools
➢ The steroid cholesterol, which is wedged between phospholipids molecules in the plasma
membranes of animal cells, has different effect on membrane fluidity at different
temperatures
➢ Mouse + Human cell > hybrid cell = Mixed proteins after 1 hour
➢ Integral proteins penetrate the hydrophobic core of the lipid bilayer
➢ Transmembrane proteins, which completely span the membrane
➢ Peripheral proteins are not embedded in the lipid bilayer at all; they are appendages
loosely bound to the surface of the membrane often to the exposed parts of integral
proteins
➢ The structure of a transmembrane protein
○ Transport
○ Enzymatic activity
○ Signal Transduction
○ Cellrecognition
○ Intercellular
○ Attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix (ECM)
➢ Membrane carbohydrates are usually short, branched chains of fewer than 15 sugar units
➢
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Carbohydrates are covalently bonded to lipids glycolipids
Proteins are covalently bonded to lipids glycoprotein
Cell membranes are permeable to specific ions and a variety of polar molecules
Biological membrane is an exquisite example of a supramolecular structure
+
Membrane regulates its concentration of inorganic ions such as Na + 2+
, K
, Ca
, and Cl
, by
shuttering them one ways across the plasma membrane
...
➢ Robert Hooke
○ Coined the term “cells” to describe the appearance of cork under a microscope
...
■ Ex
...
People, mushroom, plants
➢ The cell is the basic unit of life
○ There is a basic hierarchy for multicellular organisms
○ Cells>tissue>Organ >Organ system>Digestive System>Human
➢ All cells come from preexisting cells
Microscopy
➢ Light Microscopy
○ Maximum Magnification 1000x
○ Maximum resolution 10 micrometer (um)
➢ Electron Microscopy
○ Maximum magnification 10,000,000x
○ Maximum Resolution
Cell Fractionation
➢ A way to isolate different components of cells for detailed study
Two classification of Cells:
➢ Prokaryotic
○ simple (no membrane bound organelle)
○ small in size
○ DNA, but nucleus
NO
○ Can only perform one major task at a time
○ No membrane bound organelles “little organ”
○ Normally bacteria
➢ Eukaryotic
○ Complex
○ 1 to 100 times bigger than a prokaryote
○ DNA in a nucleus (control center for the cell like the brain in the human body)
○ Able to multitask (perform several jobs at once)
○ Membrane bound organelles “little organ” that help the cell perform several
functions at once
○ Two main types: animal and plant cells
➢ Both contain:
○ DNA
○ Cell (plasma) membrane
○ Ribosomes
○ Cytoplasm
Osmosis and Tonicity
➢ Osmosis diffusion of water
➢ Tonicity
○ Isotonicsame concentration inside as out
○ Hypertonic higher concentration outside cell than in
○ Hypotonic less dissolved particles inside the cell than out
Organelles and Functions
Organelle
Description & Function
Plants
Animals
Plasma or cell
membrane
Description: Membrane made up of a
phospholipids bilayer and proteins
...
It’s YES
also known as the “power house” of the
cell
...
YES
Chloroplast
Is used by plants cells in photosynthesis
...
NO
Lysosome
Digestion of macromolecules
...
It is also on the tip end of
YES
sperm cells in order to help in the
fertilization of the egg
...
Enzymes for metabolic
function
Cell structure, very important for
intercellular transport
Title: Cells
Description: In depth about Types of cells, cell functions, cell types, key people in the discovery of the cell, key equipment. Also includes an overview of the history of cells. Cover information 1st year beginning Biology Major.
Description: In depth about Types of cells, cell functions, cell types, key people in the discovery of the cell, key equipment. Also includes an overview of the history of cells. Cover information 1st year beginning Biology Major.