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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
Throughout the many years of petroleum discovery and process of obtaining crude oil from
below the surface, have definitely brought mankind to another era of modern technology,
where humans are able to work side-by-side with the aid of machines
...

Since the discovery of oil in Nigeria in 1956, the country has been suffering the negative
environmental consequences of oil exploration and exploitation
...
There were a total of 6,744 incidents involving oil spills
between year 1976 and 2001
...

Oil spills have always been a serious issue concerning the health and environment of the
particular country where crude oil is being harvested from
...
According to the director of Green Earth Affairs, Eddison (2012), he
strongly believes that modern technology owes ecology an apology
...

Not only have oil spills contaminated the environment by killing flora and faunas in the river
delta zone, it also damaged the mangrove ecosystem, which was once a supply of fuel wood
for the natives surviving in that area
...

Some of the gaseous pollutants released into the atmosphere such as carbon monoxide,
chlorine, nitrogen oxides, sulphur oxides, acid aerosol, beryllium etc
...
Effects on human include irritation,
dermatitis, occurrence of abortion, organ failure and genetic disorder and cancer
...
Despite using fresh water
nearby to drink and wash, it is still believe that the pollutants are able to reach the villagers
water resource (Nwilo & Badejo, 2005)
...
U
...


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Oil that has been spilt and not recovered will have an impact on the local environment,
spreading over a wide area and affecting both terrestrial and marine resources,
inappropriate clean up actions can make the situation worse (Nwilo, 2005)
...
It then destroys the habitat of aquatic invertebrate thus lowering food
web productivity (Aroh, 2010)
...

Oil spillage has a major impact on the ecosystem
...
He
also proposed that the acidity in the soil caused the rapid destruction of vegetation and
farmland
...
Badejo also mentioned that the mangrove was
once a source of both fuel woods for the indigenous people and habitat for the area's
biodiversity, but is now unable to survive the oil toxicity of its habitat
...
In agricultural communities, often a year’s supplies of food are destroyed
instantaneously because of the careless nature of oil operations in the Niger Delta making
the environment grow increasingly uninhabitable
...
1 PROBLEM STATEMENT
Frequent oil spills are serious problems in the Niger Delta
...

The study seeks to investigate the impact brought by oil spill water pollution to the
particular society of Niger Delta
...
Its adverse has effects to
poverty and day to day living of the natives
...

The rationale of this study is basically to make an in depth investigation on the effects of oil
spill water pollution
...


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1
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What is the level of awareness of the Nigerian students studying in UTP about the oil
spill events that had taken place in their homeland?
2
...
Based on the students’ feedbacks, how well is the Nigerian government addressing
the problems regarding oil pollution?

1
...
Secondly, to
compare and contrast the difference of the people living near a totally clean water source
and the people living near the oil spilled water source in Niger Delta
...
To gauge the level of awareness of the Nigerian students in UTP regarding the oil
spill issues that had taken place in their homeland
...
To study the effects of crude oil exploitation towards human health
...
To investigate the measures taken by the Nigerian government in relation to the oil
spill incidents over the past decades and the opinion of the Nigerian students in UTP
on the issue
...
4 CONCLUSION
Oil spillage is the main cause that the coastlines of Nigeria are contaminated
...
The following chapter will discuss on researches that have
been all over the world about the effects of crude oil production to the host country
...


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CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
2
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F10 Laws of the Federation (2002)
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It can
be seen as the release of contaminants or pollutants associated with the extraction of crude
oil into the environment
...
, 2011)
...
However, petroleum exploration has triggered adverse environmental impacts
in the delta region of Nigeria through increased environmental pollution and physical
disasters that have accumulated over years due to limited scrutiny and lack of assessment
as cited in Bayode et
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This study discusses two thematic areas, namely: effect of crude oil spillage to human health
and environment, steps taken to address such environmental pollution in the Niger Delta
...
The study will especially be linked to understanding the
effects of oil pollution in the Niger Delta where certain local environmental groups and oil
companies and the Nigerian government are not portraying proper care for the poor local
people
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2 CAUSES OF OIL SPILL AND POLLUTION IN NIGER DELTA REGION
According to Nwankwo and Ifeadi (1988), environmental pollution has been attributed to
various materials released into the environment in the course of oil production operations
...
Despite careful
precautions, unintentional incidents do occur periodically in the drilling and exploitation of
petroleum and gas
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The failure of the pipelines due to corrosion, sabotage causes
eruption that releases huge amount of crude oil which is toxic, into the environment causing
pollution (Okafor, 2011)
...
It is known that numerous oil spills occur through
accidental discharges attributed to equipment failure or malfunctioning, overloading, and
corrosion or abrasion of machine parts and pipelines
...
112), of which Niger
Delta is no exception
...
3 EFFECTS OF OIL POLLUTION ON HUMAN HEALTH
Health conditions of the local people have been very vulnerable to such kind of pollutions
...
Chemicals in the oil spilled from the oil production activities and the
dispersants used to clean it up pose impairments to human health, especially if they are
inhaled or come in contact with the skin
...
These symptoms are often seen in people exposed to hydrogen
sulfide gas or hydrocarbons, both products of the spilled oil, but it is difficult to distinguish
toxic symptoms from common illnesses
...
When
winds whip up oily sea water, the spray contains tiny droplets - basically a fume - of oil,
which are small enough to be inhaled deep into the lungs
...
Oil contains petroleum
hydrocarbons, which are toxic and irritating to the skin and airways
...
Olusi (1981) indicated it in his study that many chemicals such as kerosene,
benzene, toluene and olefins which are derived from petroleum have been linked to cancer,
when exposed to them for a period of 10 to 20 years
...
Also, crude oil contains trace amounts of poisonous metals like
cadmium, mercury and lead, and since these metals can accumulate in plants, animals and
fish tissues, consumption of large amounts of these products could be a health hazard
[Ndiokwere & Ezehe, 1990; JAMA, cited in Orcutt, 2010]
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4 IMPACT OF OIL SPILLS ON ENVIRONMENT IN THE NIGER DELTA
Oil spillage as a consequence of damage to pipelines has been reported more often in
different localities in the oil producing areas of Nigeria (Olaniyan, 1985), with severe
degradation of the environment a possible result of pollution
...
(2011)
...
The effects of these spills have been catastrophic in many respects depending on the
oil dosage, the type of oil, metrological conditions, physical geography of the area and the
biota (Nwankwo and Ifeadi, 1988)
...
Marine animals such as crabs, molluscs and fishes died due to associated fire
hazard instigated by oil spill that occurred and spread to about 25 ha of land (Bayode, 2011)
...
In water, oil film on the water surface could block aeration and light leading to
the death of trapped marine organism through suffocation (Akpofure et al
...
In some
cases, fish may ingest the spilled oil or other food materials impregnated with oil and as
such become unfit for human consumption and remain potential health poisons
...
(2011) revealed that oil spill on the land could lead to retardation of
vegetation growth for a period of time and in extreme cases, to destruction of vegetation
...

There were worries on the handling of drilling mud and cuttings, with respect to prohibited
points of discharge, handling and disposal of oil-based mud at onshore and offshore
locations, handling and disposal of cuttings and methods of sampling and analysis
...
(2011) p
...
Hundreds of oil
spills occur yearly in the region and more than 2,000 sites have been recorded to be
contaminated by oil spills, which affect fishing, forests products and bathing and drinking
water for the people (Amnesty, 2009, p
...


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CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY
3
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All of them will affect and vary our results
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The research will be conducted for a clearer description of such hazardous
incidents in conjunction to their impact on health, poverty and development, based on the
respondents' knowledge and previous experience or observation regarding effects of oil
pollution on health to the residents of the Niger Delta
...
The secondary research
will be made from books, online sources and newspapers, to be able to get the most
accurate data to back up the observations
...

3
...
Having chosen
questionnaires surveying, we distributed 38 forms of questionnaires and each of them
consists of all the questions that are all related to our research studies
...
The questionnaires were conducted among the 38 targeted
Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP) students as our respondents which are randomly
selected
...

3
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Thirty-eight students were randomly selected as sample size in order to conduct the
survey
...
This includes students from Nigeria and
non-Nigerians who have had the opportunity of doing their internship in oil rich Niger Delta
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4 RESTRICTIONS/LIMITING CONDITIONS
a) Time
A short period of time was given to conduct studies regarding the issues related to impacts
of petroleum exploration and exploitation in Niger Delta as one of the "Bottom Billion”
areas
...
However, this task was taken as a
challenge to accomplish this research with our entire effort
...
First off, whenever questionnaire was distributed, there are certain
irresponsible students who just ignore the survey forms and some of them just took it and
kept it for themselves
...
Therefore, from all these effects of the
responses, this can affect the quality of the respondents’ answer as some of them are even
unexpected answers
...
5 SAMPLING TECHNIQUE
In order to conduct the survey, random sampling technique was chosen
...
This
selection technique was chosen because it is easier to obtain the details and the information
from the study cases
...
Some outsiders were also being hand over the
questionnaire to be filled by them
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6 PROCEDURE
i
...
These
studies, taken as references, have been performed by the other researchers in the
same field of study
...


All the results are based on the survey
...
Later, the survey questionnaire was collected to analyse the data and
come up with a conclusion to explain responses that have been obtained from the
survey itself
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7 MATERIALS
Thirty-eight questionnaires, as the survey, were given out randomly to students in order to
obtain the respondents’ feedback on the topic related
...
Some of them are about
investigating the level of awareness by UTP students on the effects of oil spill and pollution
considering human health and as well as ways they would recommend addressing such
incidents
...

3
...


As the study was conducted, both gender; male and female, have taken part in this
survey
...


ii
...
The respondents were from different levels of study and different
courses of specialization
...


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CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4
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1
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1 Gender

The questionnaire had a total of 38 respondents
...
This gives an amount of 66% male respondents and only 34% of female
respondents
...
However,
since the numbers of male students here in UTP far exceed the number of female students,
there is a high possibility that an unbalance number of different gender here in UTP have
caused the results to indicate that the number of male respondents are the majority
...
1
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2 Year of study

Based on an assumption before carrying out the survey, it was suggested that postgraduate
students would be the main respondents of the questionnaire as they would be better
informed and more knowledgeable about the particular topic compared to undergraduate
students
...
According to the number of replies,
about 79% of the respondents are undergraduate students
...
The assumption was proved wrong as the results do not support it
...
Furthermore, a large amount of the respondents are friends and course mates
who are willing to spend their time and effort to answer the questionnaire
...
1
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3 Course of study

In the beginning of the research, the team targeted a large group of students from the
petroleum based courses as the main study subject as it was proposed that oil spillage is
one topic that directly relates to their field of study
...
Students that are currently taking petroleum
geoscience and petroleum engineering courses contribute 40% of the total respondents
...
The rest of the study subjects are from electrical & electronic
engineering, computer & information system and even some other non-engineering course
...


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4
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4 Oil spillage experience first hand

Figure 4
...
Since this is a totally random
question, the team is very open to all the responses and would like to study the actual
number of respondents who actually have had experience oil spills first hand
...
The
balance of 16% is composed of three male respondents and a female respondent
...
No further contact was made with
these four respondents as there is a lack in the follow up with the respondents but it is
suggested that they experienced first-hand oil spillage at their home country
...


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4
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2
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5 Oil spill events did happen in the country of Nigeria recently

Oil spill events did happen in the country of Nigeria recently
...
From the graph above,
the study revealed that 63% of the total respondents agree that oil spills did happen in Niger
Delta
...
According to Uyigue
& Agho (2007), previous study disclosed that oil spills have been frequent in the Niger Delta
and 4647 spills has occurred since 1976 to 1996
...

4
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2 Oil spillage at Nigeria is severe

Figure 4
...
Numerically from the above graph, 64% of the respondents agree with
the severity of the oil spillage
...
Also, the pollution is apparently caused by chemical discharges which
manage to slip into the water, air and the land
...
A study by Eregha & Irughe (2009) revealed that the severity of oil spill
could lead to oil induced fire and pollution causing environmental degradation and risk of
human health
...
Their findings are, in return, supported by our
statistics in which 21% strongly agree about the highest degree and severity of such oil spills
in the region
...
2
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7 Updates and information regarding oil spillage accidents occurring at Nigeria can still be obtained even in UTP

Based on the above represented pie-chart, 46% of the respondents strongly agree that they
acquire most of the information about Niger Delta's oil spillage incidents even though they
are in UTP
...
Most of them consider Nigerian
students in UTP to elicit genuine information about oil exploration exercises in Niger Delta
as others claim to get reliable information from relevant news and old researches
...
3 CRUDE OIL SPILLAGES AFFECT HUMAN HEALTH
4
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1 Human health can be affected by oil spillages

Figure 4
...
8 above, 89% of respondents agree that human health can be affected by
oil spillage
...
Crude oil is made up of thousands of chemical compound
...
Plus, oil is semi-volatile which means it can
evaporate into the air and create a harmful vapour
...
Those who are living in the Nigeria Delta are at a high risk be
affected by oil spillage
...
Oil contains petroleum hydrocarbon, which is toxic and irritating to skin
...
According to Nwilo and Badejo (2005), 180 people were reported dead
following the major Texaco spill of 1980, as a result of the pollution
...


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4
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2 If you live in the affected area, you can avoid oil spillage effects by following the
instruction given by the authority

Figure 4
...
This result probably does not coincided with the truth
of the situation in the affected area
...
Therefore, they might never be able to even judge whether or
not instructions from the local authorities would be able to prevent them from the harm of
this catastrophe
...
Some of the affected areas
only use the ocean or rivers to communicate with the main island
...
But if the government has appointed one or two agencies for each area that
oversees the oil exploration process and monitors the hazardous level, it may help local
communities to avoid oil spillage effects
...
So,
those who are living in the affected area can avoid oil spillage effects by following these
agencies instructions
...
A Nigerian government effort by joining with the Disaster
Monitoring Constellation through Sat 1 Satellite enables real-time information to be obtain
as an early-warning step to warn the locals in an event of oil spill (Nwilo & Badejo, 2005)
...
4 THE NIGERIAN GOVERNMENT IN ADDRESSING THE PROBLEMS REGARDING OIL
POLLUTION
4
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1 The government should be responsible for managing oil spillage situations

Figure 4
...
89% of
respondents agree about this matter
...
Their demands include the request for a better
lifestyle, presence and the maintenance of basic facilities, technical assistance and many
more necessary items, in order to help out the process of cleaning oil pollution
...
As we can see,
these kinds of response are not exactly to solve the oil pollution matter but are more likely
to distract the community of the Niger Delta into not thinking about the main matter they
are facing
...
, 2011), it is high time to raise the awareness of the locals that they have to
demand for their rights from the local government
...
4
...
11 Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO) should be responsible for managing oil spillage situations

70% of respondents do agree that Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) should be
responsible for managing oil spillage situations
...
They can contribute in different ways with their own expertise such as managing
the affected coastal areas, provide food and clean water supply or provide medical
attention
...

4
...
3 Oil companies should be responsible for managing oil spillage situations

Figure 4
...
More than 90% of
respondents do agree that oil companies should response regarding this matter
...
Oil companies should come out with
solutions and feel more responsible to solve the oil pollution matter
...
Oil companies do have a role to play in the
development of a country but it should not be at the expense of contaminating the
environment nor endangering the local societies with poor health
...
4
...
13 The Nigerian authorities do warn the people about the effects of oil spillage

Nigerian authorities should warn the people about the effects of oil spillage
...
This is because people living in the
Niger Delta are still affected by oil spillage effects
...
This is
essential to prevent more people from being affected by the oil spillage
...
Therefore, it is crucial to move them out to
a safer environment
...
4
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14 Establishment of government agencies to handle pollution can help to control the oil spillage effects

86% of respondents agree that establishment of government agencies to handle pollution
can help to control the oil spillage
...
Oil Detection
and Response Commission have been set up by the Federal Government to manage oil spills
problem in Niger Delta
...
All these play one
role or another in managing pollution although there appear to be conflicts in roles and
responsibilities
...
4
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15 Rules and regulations are essential to solve oil spillage problem

92% of respondents agree that rules and regulation are essential to solve oil spillage
problem
...
However, only some of these laws
provide guidelines on the issues of pollution
...


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4
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7 Nigerian government should cooperate with other countries and oil companies to
minimize the effects of oil spillage

Figure 4
...
91% of respondents agree with this statement
...
They do investigate the effects of oil spillage in Niger
Delta and are still working in finding the solution
...
New technologies and expertise are needed in the bottom
billion countries to help boost up their economy
...
4
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17 Nigerian government should provide medical attention, financial aid, food and shelter for their citizens who are
affected by the pollution

Nigerian government should provide medical attention, financial aid, food and shelter for
their citizens who are affected by this pollution
...
These kinds of necessities are very important to help those people affected by
the oil spills because a large amount of the locals who are affected cannot afford to obtain it
on their own
...
Furthermore, in this situation it is very hard to obtain
food and clean water because most of them are contaminated by the oil spillage
...


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CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION
Nigeria is the largest oil producer in Africa and the sixth largest in the world
...
Oil spillage
resulting in heavy pollution and devastation of farmlands, fishing ground, forests and water
resources have spoiled economic and social life in the oil production areas such as the Niger
Delta
...
Effects on human include health problems, irritation,
oedema, dizziness, and gene or neuron problems (Omotola, 2006)
...
As noted during data collection, many of the respondents
portrayed their understanding towards the effects of oil pollution on human health, which
coincided with one of the research’s objectives, to examine the level of awareness of the
Nigerian or non-Nigerian students in UTP regarding the oil spill issues
...
Plus, oil
spillage leads to lacking of social amenities such as electricity, portable water, good roads,
educational and health facilities etc
...
It is important that the environmental laws
and procedures should be more comprehensive and operational in order to reduce oil spills
issues
...

NGO has more funds to provide food, shelter, clean water supply or medical attention to the
affected area
...
This is to
ensure that Nigeria’s oil pollution has a solution to it because as time passes, many locals
would choose to go against the oil companies who are trying to make a profit at foreign land
but in return, face problems initiated by the locals
...
Paul
Collier emphasized on the advance countries sharing their expertise and technologies to
help out the bottom billion countries
...


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Abii, T
...
, & Nwosu, P
...
(2009)
...
Research Journal of Environmental Science,
3(3), 316-320
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(2009)
...

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Oil spill
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Badejo, O
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, & Nwilo, P
...
(2007)
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Bayode, O
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edu/Pubs/E-project/Available/E-project-121510
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...
& Kifferstien, B
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umich
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Nwilo, P
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...
(2005)
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Oil Spill Problems and
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Apocalypse and Rising Tension in the Niger Delta, 1, 1-31
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The Impact of Oilspills on Biological Diversity-The Ogoni Experience
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Pyagbara, L
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pdf

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APPENDIX A

OIL POLLUTION SURVEY FORM
Please tick  your answer in the appropriate box
...


Personal information
...
E
...
lecturer, staff, …)
__________________________

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i)

Course of Study
a) Petroleum Geoscience
b) Petroleum Engineering
c) Mechanical Engineering
d) Chemical Engineering
e) Civil Engineering
f) Electrical and Electronic Engineering
g) Computer & Information System

ii)

Have you ever experienced oil spillage first hand?
a) Yes
b) No

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Please tick  your answer in the appropriate box
...

Objectives

Oil spill events did happen in the country of Nigeria
recently
...

The oil spillage at Nigeria is severe
...

Human health can be affected by oil spillage
...


To investigate how well is the Nigerian government is addressing the problems regarding
oil pollution
...

Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) should be
responsible for managing oil spillage situations
...

The Nigerian authorities do warn the people about
the effect of oil spillage
...

Rules and regulation are essential to solve oil spillage
problem
...

Nigerian government should provide medical
attention, financial aid, food and shelter for their
citizens who are affected by this pollution
...
We really appreciate your time
and effort
...


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