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Monday, January 18, 2016

Chapter 10: Motivation and Emotion
- Motivation:
• Theories of motivation: drives, arousal, hierarchy of motives
• Some motivations in depth: hunger, belonging, achievement
- Arousal:
• The roles of arousal, behaviour, and cognition
• Embodied emotion: whats going on in the body during emotions
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• Example: Aaron Raiston found the motivation to cu toff his own arm when trapped on a cliff in Utah
in 2003
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- Instinct Theory- Evolutionary Perspectives
- Hierarchy of Needs/Motives
- Drive-Reduction Theory
- Arousal (Optimization) Theory
- Do instincts direct human behaviour?
• An instinct is a fixed (rigid and predictable) pattern of behaviour that is not acquired by learning and
is likely to be rooted in genes and the body
...

• Do humans?
- Human babies show certain reflexes, but in general, our behaviour is less prescribed by genetics
than other animals
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- Instinct theory has given way to evolutionary theory in explaining human behaviour
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• Drive-reduction theory refers to the idea that humans are motivated dot reduce these drives, such
as eating to reduce the feeling of hunger
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- Seeking optimum arousal:
• Some behaviour seems driven by a need to either increase or decrease our physiological arousal
level
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- Performance and arousal level:
• What happen when we succeed at raising our arousal levels?
- Yerkes-Dodson Law: Arousal levels can help performance but oo much arousal can interfere with
performance
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- Below: the effect of arousal on performance depends on how comfortable we are with the task
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• Physical Needs-Safety needs- Belongingness and love needs-esteem needs- self-actualization
needs- and self -transcendence needs
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- Research on hunger is consistent with Maslow’s hierarchy:
• In one study, men whose food intake had been cut in half became obsessed with food
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- Physiology of hunger:
• Experiments and other investigations show a complex relationship among the stomach, hormones,
and different parts of the brain
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- The Hypothalamus and hunger:
• Receptors throughout the digestive system monitor levels of the glucose and send signals to the
hypothalamus in the brain
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- The body talks back to the brain:
• The hypothalamus sends appetite-stimulating hormones, and later after eating, sends appetitesuppressing hormones
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- Regulating Weight:
• When a person’s weight drops and increases, the body responds by adjusting hunger and energy
use to bring weight back to its initial stable amount
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This is also known as their set point
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Therefore,
this “set point” of stable weight Lismore of a current but temporary “setting point”
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Carbohydrates temporarily raise levels of serotonin, reducing
stress and depression
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• Different cultures encourage different tastes
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- Biology, evolution, and taste preferences:
• Differences in taste preferences are not arbitrary
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- It is adaptive in warm climates to develop a taste for sale and spice, which preserve food
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- How much do we eat? Eating depends in part on situational influenes
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• Unit bias: we may eat only one serving/ unit (scoop,plateful, bun-full) of food, but will eat more if the
serving size is larger
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- Eating behaviour:
• Biological influences:
- Hypothalamic centres in the brain monitoring appetite
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• Psychological influences:
- Sight and smell of food
- variety of foods available
- memory of time elapsed since last meal
- stressed and mood
- food unit size
• Social-cultural influences:
- culturally learned taste preferences
- responses to cultural preferences for appearance
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• Standards for body size can vary in different cultures, sometimes creating an unhealthy norm of
being overweight or underweight
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• But as a certain ratio of weight to height, health risks arise
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• Being mildly overweight is not necessarily a problem if the person is in good physical condition or
exercising
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• The physiology of obesity can also make it hard to lose wights, due to set point/metabolism,
genetics, appetite, and lifestyle factors
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- Set point and metabolism:
• For a variety of reasons, a persons set point, the stable weight the body keeps returning to, drifts
from a healthy weight
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why?
• Once the set point has shifted, metabolism shifts to maintain it; resting metabolism slows
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Monday, January 18, 2016
• Hunger kicks in when weight goes below the new set point
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- The genetics of obesity:
• Adopted siblings eating the same meals ends up with a BMI/weight resembling biological parents,
not people in the same household
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• There seem to be many genes with effect on weight
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• Inadequate sleep causes weight gain, despite increased active time because of appetite hormones
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• Sedentary lifestyles ad fast food may be leading to increase body fat worldwide
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• Problem: energy-rich “junk” food is now easily available and cheaper than healthy food
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- Problem: in poverty or in crash diets, our body can slow down weight loss
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• obessive weight loss attepmts can add to shame, anxiety, depression, and sidordered eating
habits
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• Begin with self-acceptance and a decision to change, rather than feeling shame
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• Increase exercise and healthy food choices
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- Another motivation: “to belong”:
• What do people need besides food and sex?
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Monday, January 18, 2016
- Aristotle: social life
- Alfred Adler: community
- In the middle english, to be wretched means to be without kin nearby
- Roy Baumeister, Mark Learly and abraham maslow say we need: “to belong”
- Belonging: being connected to others, part of a group or family or community
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- Emotional support to get through crises
- Division of labor to allow growing food
- Cooperation in hunting and sharing food
- Mutual protection in a group
- Keeping children close to caregivers
- Balancing bonding with others needs:
• The need to bond with others is so strong that we can feel lost without close relationships
• However, we also seem to need autonomy and a sense of personal competence/ efficacy
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- Belonging builds self-seteem, and prepares us for confident autonomy
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- Staying in abusive relationships
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- Disrupted bonds, new beginnings
• Children repeatedly moved away from primary caretakers in childhood may have difficulty forming
deep attachments in adulthood
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• Being ostracized, cut off from social contact or excluded, can lead to real psychical pain
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- Social Networking=social connection?
• Is our online self-disclosure honest and healthy?
• Is socail netwokring making us more connected, or less?

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Monday, January 18, 2016
- Do updates and tweets building connection?
- Use of social networking can become a compulsion, sacrificing face-to-face interaction and indepth conversations
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- Rearch shows: Online social networking is associated with
• Narcissism/self-centeredness
• less connection to neighbours
• more connection to people who share our narrow interests and viewpoints
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• What helps us satisfy our achievement motivation?
- Discipline: sticking to a task despite distractions
- 10-year rule: having enough expertise in a field
- Grit: passionate persistente at a goal
- Hardiness: resilence unders stress
- Introducation to emotion:
• physiological arousal:
- comes before emotion (james-Lange theory)
- comes with emotion (Cannon-Bard theory)
- Becomes an emotion when cognitive appraisal/label is added (Shacter-Singer two-factor theory)
• Emotions and the brain: sometimes dogniction is bypassed in emotional reactions
• Emotions and the body: the automatic nervous system
• Emotions with different brain and body response patterns
- Emotion: Arousal, Behaviour, and Cognition
• Someone cuts you off on the road
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Emotions are a mix of:
- Expressive Behaviour: yelling, accelerating
- Bodily arousal: sweat, pounding heart
- Conscious experience: thoughts, especially the labeling of the emotion

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Monday, January 18, 2016
• How do these components of emotion interact and relate to each other?
• DO our thoughts trigger our emotions or are they a product of our emotions?
• How are the bodily signs triggered?
• How do we decide which emotion were feeling?
• An emotion is a full body/mind/behaviour response to a situation
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• Cannon-Bard Theory: body with thoughts
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”
• The James-Lange theory states that emotion is our conscious awareness of our physiological
responses to stimuli
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• According to this theory, if something makes us smile, we may then feel happy
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• Human body responses run parallel to the cognitive responses rather than causing them
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- Our cognitions influence our emotions in many ways, including our interpretations of stimuli: “is
that a threat? Then I'm afraid
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• In a study by Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer in 1962, subjects experienced a spillover
effects when arousal was caused by injections of what turned out to be adrenaline
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Monday, January 18, 2016
- Robert Zajonz, Joseph LeDoux, and Richard Lazarus: Emotions without awareness/cognition
• Theory: some emotional reactions, especially fears, likes, and dislikes, develop in a “low road”
though the brain, skipping conscious thought
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- When appraisal affects emotion
• Schachter and Singer highlighted the role of appraisal in labeling emotions: “this agitation is fear”
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- Is experienced emotion as universal as expressed emotion?
• a) joy (mouth forming smile, cheeks lifted, twinkle in eye)
• b) Anger (brows drawn together and downward, eyes fixed, mouth squarish)
• c) Interest (browns raised or knitted, moth softly rounded, lips may be pursed)
• d) Disgust(nose wrinkled, upper lip raised, tongue pushed outward)
• e) Surprise (brows raised eyes widened, mouth rounded in oval shape
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• Later, the parasympathetic division calms down the body
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• There is also a large overlap in the patterns of brain activity across emotions
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• A geeral brain patter: hemispheric differences
- Positive “appraoach” emotions (joy, love, goal-seeking) correlate with left frontal lobe activity
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- Expressed and experienced emotion:
• See if you can tell emotions others are feeling, showing, and expressing about these topics:
- Detecting emotions in others
- Gender, emotion, nonverbal behaviour
- Culture and expressed emotions
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Monday, January 18, 2016
- Using contact to read emotions
- Are there universally recognized emotion?
- Do facial expressions affect feelings?
- Emotional Expression
• Are there universal forms of emotional expression seen on human faces across all cultures?
• Are there differences by individual, culture, or gender in how emotions are expressed?
• What is the relationship between emotional expression and the inner experience of emotion?
• What emotion do we see in these faces and body positions?
• If these emotions are hard to read, is it because its a different culture from your own, or because its
performance?

- Detecting emotion in others
• People read a great deal of emotional content in the eyes (“the window to the soul”) and the faces
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• We are primed to quickly detect negative emotions, and even negative emotion words
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- Detecting lies
• Polygraphs (detecting physioloical arousal) fail sometimes at correctly identifuing when people are
lying
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- Gender and emotional experssion and detection
• Women seem to have greater and more complex emotional expression
• Women are also more skilled at detecting emotions in others
• However, this is an overgeneralization
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- Culture and emotional expression: are there universally recognized emotions
• There seem to be some universally understood facial expresions
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• Poeple in other studies did have more accuracy judging emotions from their own culture
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• In one study, people whose faces were moved into smiling or frowning positions experienced a
change in mood
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In one experiment, extending a 1) middle finer or 2) thumb while reading led
to seeing characters with !) hostility or 2) positive attitude
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9&10 (specific exmaples, study questions, end of chapter
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2 of them should be farmiliar, third one learned about today
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don't assume
that i know what I'm talking about
2 or 3 sentences to exaplin, 2 or 3 sentences with exmaple

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