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Title: Periodic Table Notes
Description: Notes on the history, structure, and importance of the periodic table of elements. Covers chemical periodicity, periodic law, periods and blocks, and changes to the table. Aimed at beginner to intermediate chemistry students.
Description: Notes on the history, structure, and importance of the periodic table of elements. Covers chemical periodicity, periodic law, periods and blocks, and changes to the table. Aimed at beginner to intermediate chemistry students.
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Mendeleev and Chemical Periodicity
1
...
a
...
b
...
c
...
Mosely and the Periodic Law
1
...
Answered more than 40 years later by English scientist Henry Mosely
...
He discovered that the elements in the periodic table fit into patterns better when they
were arranged in increasing order according to nuclear charge, or the number of protons
in the nucleus
...
His work led to the modern definition of atomic number and the recognition that atomic
number, not atomic mass, is the basis for the organization of the periodic table
...
In 1894, English physicist John William Strutt and Scottish chemist Sir William Ramsay
discovered argon, which had previously gone unnoticed due to its total lack of chemical
reactivity
...
Ramsay showed that both argon and helium exist on earth
...
In order to fit them into the periodic table, he proposed a new group
...
He discovered two more noble gases krypton and xenon
...
2
...
a
...
b
...
3
...
a
...
b
...
4
...
Periods and Blocks of the Periodic Table
1
...
2
...
sblock chemically reactive metals of groups 1 and 2
...
Group 1 contains
alkaline metals; group 2 contains
alkalineearth metals
...
dblock metals with typical metallic properties
...
Good conductors with high luster
...
pblock all the elements of groups 1318 except helium
...
The pblock elements together with the sblock elements are called the maingroup
elements
...
fblock wedged between groups 3 and 4 in the sixth and seventh periods
...
i
...
ii
...
The first four have been found naturally on Earth; the
remaining actinides are only known as laboratorymade elements
...
Atomic radius may be defined as onehalf the distance between the nuclei of identical
atoms that are bonded together
...
The trend to smaller atoms across a period is caused by the increasing positive charge
of the nucleus
...
In general, the atomic radii of the maingroup elements increase down a group
...
An electron can be removed from an atom if enough energy is supplied
...
A + energy → A⁺
+ e⁻
a
...
i
...
ii
...
iii
...
iv
...
Each successive electron removed from an ion feels
an increasingly stronger effective nuclear charge (nuclear charge electron shielding)
...
The energy change that occurs when an electron is acquired by a neutral atom is called
the atom’s electron affinity
...
Most atoms release energy when they acquire an electron
...
Some must be forced to gain an electron by the addition of energy
...
Electron affinities generally become more negative across each period within the
pblock; electrons generally add with greater difficulty down a group
...
Second electron affinities are all positive
...
A positive ion is a
cation
; a negative ion is an
anion
...
Within each period, the metals at the left end tend to form cations and the nonmetals at
the right end tend to form anions
...
There is a gradual increase of atomic radii and ionic radii down a group
...
Valence electrons are the electrons available to be lost, gained, or shared in the
formation of chemical compounds
...
Electronegativity is a measure of the ability of an atom in a chemical compound to attract
electrons
...
Tend to increase across each period and decrease down a group
Title: Periodic Table Notes
Description: Notes on the history, structure, and importance of the periodic table of elements. Covers chemical periodicity, periodic law, periods and blocks, and changes to the table. Aimed at beginner to intermediate chemistry students.
Description: Notes on the history, structure, and importance of the periodic table of elements. Covers chemical periodicity, periodic law, periods and blocks, and changes to the table. Aimed at beginner to intermediate chemistry students.