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Title: Learning
Description: In depth psychology notes about the process and factors of learning in our every day lives
Description: In depth psychology notes about the process and factors of learning in our every day lives
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CHAPTER XI Learning
:
WHAT IS LEARNING?
❖ A lasting change in behavior or mental processes that results from experience is
defined as earning
l
➢ learning not to respond to the repeated presentation of a stimulus is to
create a habit, or abituation
h
➢ a learned preference for stimuli to which we have been previously
exposed is the ere exposure effect
m
➢ forms of learning such as classical conditioning and operant conditioning,
that can be described in terms of stimuli and responses is ehavioral
b
learning
THE ESSENTIALS OF CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
**Classical conditioning is a form of behavioral learning in which a previously eutral
n
stimulus r any stimulus that produces no conditioned response prior to learning
,o
,
acquires the power to elicit the same innate reflex produced by another stimulus
❖ Acquisition is the initial learning stage in classical conditioning, during which the
conditioned response comes to be elicited by the conditioned stimulus
➢ Conditioned stimulus (CS)
■ a previously neutral stimulus that comes to elicit the conditioned
response; customarily in a conditioning experiment the neutral
stimulus is called a CS
➢ Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
■ the stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response; no learning
➢ Conditioned response (CR)
■ a response elicited by a previously neutral stimulus that has
become associated with the unconditioned stimulus
➢ Unconditioned response (UCR)
■ the response elicited by an unconditioned stimulus without prior
learning
❖ Extinction (in classical conditioning) is the weakening of a conditioned
response in the absence of an unconditioned stimulus
➢ the reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response after a time
delay is called pontaneous recovery
s
❖ Stimulus generalization is the extension of a learned response to stimuli that
are similar to the conditioned stimulus
❖ Stimulus discrimination is a change in response to one stimulus but not to
stimuli that are similar
❖ Experimental neurosis is a pattern or erratic behavior resulting from a
demanding discrimination learning task, typically one that involves aversive
stimuli
❖ Tasteaversion learning is how organisms learn what food to avoid through experience
OPERANT CONDITIONING
❖ Operant is an observable, voluntary behavior that an organism emits to “operate” on, or have
an effect on, the environment
❖ Operant conditioning is a form of behavioral learning in which the probability of a response is
changed by its consequences that is, by the stimuli that follow the response
❖ Law of effect is the idea that responses that produced desirable results would be learned, or
“stamped” into the organism
THE POWER OF REINFORCEMENT
❖ A condition (involving either the presentation or removal of a stimulus) that occurs after a
response and strengthens that response is a einforcer
r
❖ A stimulus presented after a response and increasing the probability of that response happening
again is a ositive reinforcement
p
❖ The removal of an unpleasant or aversive stimulus, contingent on a particular behavior is a
negative reinforcement compare with punishment
;
❖ A boxlike apparatus that can be programmed to deliver reinforcers and punishers contingent on
an animal’s behavior is an perant chamber or “skinner box”
o
,
❖ Continuous reinforcement is a type of reinforcement schedule by which all correct responses
are reinforced
❖ Intermittent reinforcement is a type of reinforcement schedule by which some, but not all,
correct responses are reinforced; also called artial reinforcement
p
❖ The relationships between a response and the changes in stimulation that follow the response
are einforcement contingencies
r
❖ An operant learning technique in which a new behavior is produced by reinforcing responses
that are similar to the desired response is haping
s
❖ A process by which a response that has been learned is weakened by the absence or removal
of reinforcement is xtinction (in operant conditioning)
e
SCHEDULES
❖ Programs specifying the frequency and timing of reinforcements are chedules of
s
reinforcement
❖ A program by which reinforcement depends on the time interval elapsed since the last
reinforcement is know as atio schedule
r
❖ Interval schedule is a program by which reinforcement depends on the time interval elapsed
since the last reinforcement
❖ The concept, developed by David Premack, that a morepreferred activity can be used to
reinforce a lesspreferred activity is the remack Principle
P
THE PROBLEM OF PUNISHMENT
❖ Punishment
➢ an aversive stimulus which, occurring after a response, iminishes the strength of that
d
response (compare with negative reinforcement)
❖ Positive Punishment
➢ the application of an aversive a response
❖ Omission Training (negative punishment)
➢ the removal of an appetitive stimulus after a response, leading to a decrease in behavior
OTHER TYPES OF LEARNING
❖ Insight Learning
➢ a form of cognitive learning, originally described by Gestalt psychologists, in which
problem solving occurs by means of a sudden reorganization of perceptions
❖ Cognitive Map
➢ a mental representation of physical space
❖ Observational Learning
➢ a form of cognitive learning in which new responses are acquired after watching others’
behavior and the consequences of their behavior
❖ Longterm Potentiation
➢ a biological process, involving physical changes that strengthen the synapses in groups
of nerve cells, which is believed to be the neural basis of learning
Title: Learning
Description: In depth psychology notes about the process and factors of learning in our every day lives
Description: In depth psychology notes about the process and factors of learning in our every day lives