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Title: communication in health and social care
Description: HNC unit 1 on communicating in health and social care

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Unit  1:  Communicating  in  Health  and  Social  Care    
 
L01-­‐  1
...
 Also,  the  report  will  apply  relevant  theories  of  communication,  
reviewing  methods  of  dealing  with  inappropriate  interpersonal  communication  and  
then  analyse  strategies  used  to  support  users  with  specific  communication  needs
...
 
Piaget  was  very  fascinated  that  children  had  given  the  incorrect  answer  to  a  question  
that  needed  logical  thinking
...
   
The  purpose  of  the  theory  was  to  justify  the  process  from  an  infant  to  a  child  and  
then  into  an  individual  who  then  is  able  to  think  using  hypotheses
...
 
Albert  Einstein  called  Piaget's  discovery  "so  simple  only  a  genius  could  have  thought  
of  it"
...
 (2009)  Jean  Piaget
...
simplypsychology
...
html  
,2014)
...
 The  stages  focused  on  
intelligence,  judgment,  and  thought
...
webmd
...
                 
Piaget’s  first  stage  of  development  is  the  Sensorimotor  Stage,  which  is  when  infants  
develop  knowledge  through  sensory  experiences  and  manipulating  objects
...
 
The  third  stage  is  the  concrete  operational  stage  when  children  are  then  able  to  
think  logically  but  they  find  abstract  and  hypothetical  theories  difficult
...
   McLeod,  S
...
 
(http://www
...
org/piaget
...
 Therefore,  looking  at  the  
different  stages  it  conveys  that  development  takes  place  in  each  stage  such  as  the  
basic  development  of  logic  and  how  it  develops  further  through  each  stage
...
 This  means  that  they  can  then  
communicate  effectively  as  they  have  a  wider  knowledge  and  an  increase  in  their  
logic
...
 Therefore,  when  a  child  has  
new  experiences  they  develop  more  knowledge,  which  would  add  or  change  their  

 

1  

old  schemas
...
 But,  when  they  have  a  
new  experience  and  see  a  large  dog  then  the  child  would  add  or  change  their  old  
schemas
...
 Furthermore,  there  is  accommodation  this  is  
when  there  is  a  change  in  a  child’s  schemas  due  to  new  experiences  and  improved  
knowledge  and  this  brings  a  change  to  their  schemas  or  even  create  new  ones
...
   As  a  result  
this  helps  us  to  understand  how  children  can  change  one  thought  to  another
...
about
...
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...
 This  means  that  a  child’s  communication  is  
developed  by  the  new  experiences  they  experience  and  from  that  they  can  learn  
new  things  every  day
...
 As  a  result,  of  
studying  the  cognitive  theory  it  conveys  that  when  working  with  children  such  as  in  a  
nursery  or  with  disabled  children  it  is  important  to  speak  in  a  calm  tone,  be  very  
loving  towards  them,  acknowledge  and  greet  them  and  communicate  at  an  age  
appropriate  level  because  as  they  go  through  new  experiences  it  will  add  or  change  
their  schema
...
26-­‐27,  2009)
...
 Also,  they  would  have  a  low  self-­‐
esteem,  they  would  be  scared  to  tell  any  of  their  problems  and  they  would  not  want  
you  to  care  for  them
...
 This  would  then  help  add  
to  their  schema  by  developing  the  knowledge  of  communication
...
     
In  addition,  when  you  are  working  in  a  care  home  with  the  elderly  it  should  not  be  
completely  different  to  the  way  of  communicating  with  a  child
...
 Therefore,  this  means  
when  communicating  with  the  elderly  you  must  be  calm,  acknowledge  their  feelings,  
be  compassionate  towards  them  and  you  must  convey  that  you  are  there  to  help  
them  so,  they  will  feel  comfortable  and  safe  and  not  feel  in  an  unknown  place
...
                                                                                                                                       
In  addition,  another  psychology  theory  that  can  be  applied  to  communication  is  the  
behaviorist  approach
...
 He  had  come  up  with  
classical  conditioning,  which  is  a  theory  about  how  behaviour  is  learned
...
 In  his  
experiment  he  offered  dogs  food  (unconditional  stimulus)  then  the  dog  would  show  
salivation  response
...
 Lastly,  then  
there  was  the  sound  of  the  bell  only  and  the  dog  had  salivated
...
blackwellpublishing
...
pdf  ,  no  date)
...
 This  takes  place  
when  a  stimulus  creates  a  response
...
 Once  both  of  the  
stimuli  is  being  presented  many  number  of  times  it  will  mean  both  of  the  stimuli  will  
create  the  exact  same  response
...
 As  a  
result,  this  type  of  theory  can  be  applied  to  communication  by  using  settings  such  as  
a  patient  in  a  hospital  or  in  a  care  home
...
     
As  a  result,  the  patient  did  not  refuse  to  take  his  painkillers  in  the  later  stage,  which  
meant  that  the  nurse  got  the  same  response  of  the  patient  taking  his  tablets
...
 This  theory  can  be  used  in  any  
settings  such  as  a  care  home  with  elderly  patients  who  just  refuse  to  take  their  
medication,  or  with  children  or  young  adults  in  hospitals  who  mostly  refuse  due  to  
the  taste
...
 This  is  
when  someone  wants  to  learn  and  then  be  able  to  get  a  reward
...
 For  example,  a  child  gets  very  scared  when  they  see  a  nurse  because  
every  time  the  child  sees  the  nurse  they  get  injected
...
 Then  when  the  nurse  is  done  they  give  a  sticker  to  child  
telling  them  how  brave  they  are  and  it  gives  them  a  sense  of  braveness  and  
proudness
...
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               

 

3  

This  theory  of  communication  is  also  very  effective  because  the  child  learns  that  if  
they  do  something  they  will  get  a  reward  for  it,  which  means  the  job  will  easily  will  
be  done
...
   
Another  theory  that  is  useful  and  applied  to  the  communication  theory  is  
humanistic
...
 Maslow  studied  psychology  but  focused  on  personal  
experiences  and  free  will
...
 As  he  developed  the  
hierarchy  of  human  needs  it  explained  how  a  person  moves  from  physiological  
needs,  to  self-­‐actualization  and  then  transcendence  needs
...
 https://www
...
com/psychology/textbooks/boundless-­‐
psychology-­‐textbook/personality-­‐16/the-­‐humanistic-­‐perspective-­‐78/maslow-­‐s-­‐
theory-­‐307-­‐12842/  ,  no  date)
...
 This  means  that  
they  are  more  aware  of  how  to  communicate  as  they  have  then  developed  that  
understanding  through  years  and  experience
...
 The  second  step  was  safety  and  this  was  the  
need  of  human  security
...
 The  third  step  is  love  and  belonging  and  
this  is  a  need  form  biological  to  emotional  needs,  such  as  family,  intimacy  and  other  
relationship’s
...
 This  level  adds  to  love  and  belonging  as  it  
adds  acceptance
...
 Maslow  had  said  for  a  human  to  achieve  this  
level  they  must  complete  the  previous  ones
...
boundless
...
 For  example,  when  a  baby  is  born  they  breath  in  oxygen  and  is  fed  
which  passes  the  first  stage,  then  they  are  with  their  family  as  they  are  being  
brought  up  and  they  then  feel  that  sense  of  security  as  they  are  loved  by  their  
parents
...
 But,  for  example  if  that  child  
has  a  disability  and  is  being  bullied  it  means  that  they  will  not  be  confident  and  will  
have  a  low  self  esteem
...
 As  a  result,  the  communication  skills  of  that  child  will  be  affected  due  to  
not  being  confident  which  means  they  will  not  able  to  communicate  clearly  and  
confidently
...
 
This  means  that  the  patient  will  be  distressed  and  not  be  able  to  cope  with  their  
health  problem
...
 
Also,  you  must  make  them  feel  that  you  acknowledge  how  they  are  feeling  by  
empathizing  with  them  and  expressing  a  lot  of  care  and  love
...
 Therefore,  this  type  of  
communication  with  a  patient  who  is  suffering  a  lot  could  give  them  some  relief  
when  you  are  able  to  give  them  that  support  that  they  need
...
     
LO1-­‐1
...
   
 
The  first  interaction  is  when  the  children  arrive  at  9am,  they  hang  their  coat  and  bag  
and  then  the  teachers  tells  the  children  to  sit  in  a  circle  for  circle  time  and  this  is  
which  each  children  have  to  greet  each  other  and  then  they  sing  some  nursery  
rhymes  to  start  the  day  of
...
 
Therefore,  communication  skills  are  used  by  asking  each  child  “how  are  you  today?”  
and  then  they  reply  “I’m  fine,  thank  you”  which  means  that  it  helps  to  refresh  their  
memory  every  morning  on  how  they  should  speak  in  a  good  manner  and  how  to  be  
polite  rather  than  not  answering  sensibly  such  as  not  saying  “thank  you”  or  “please”
...
 So  I  try  to  use  my  communication  skills  to  encourage  
them  to  join  the  circle  time  by  telling  them  in  a  calm  tone  that  the  teacher  is  doing  
something  exciting  and  she  will  be  happy  if  you  join
...
   
 
As  a  result,  the  communication  skill  that  I  used  was  verbally  as  I  talked  to  them  and  I  
used  the  tone  of  voice  of  a  calm  tone
...
   
 
The  advantages  of  the  communication  skills  used  is  that  the  children  learn  how  to  
speak  with  good  manners  and  as  the  circle  time  is  repeated  every  morning  it  means  
that  the  concept  of  a  schema  is  applied  because  the  children  goes  through  the  
experience  every  morning  which  helps  to  build  up  their  knowledge  and  
understanding  which  means  that  the  children’s  vocabulary  would  improve  as  they  
learn  from  experience
...
 As  a  result,  I  was  very  kind  and  
polite  and  convey  immense  care  when  communicating  with  a  child  because  it  will  
help  to  add  to  their  schema  by  developing  the  knowledge  of  communication  in  a  
positive  way  as  they  will  know  that  communicating  in  a  positive  way  will  be  effective  
so  they  will  know  that  they  must  be  very  polite  when  communicating
...
       
     
The  second  interaction  was  with  a  special  need  child  who  has  speech  and  language  
difficulty  and  with  them  I  am  very  patient  and  calm  around  them  to  make  them  feel  
at  ease
...
 Also,  when  the  child  was  crying  and  wanted  
to  go  outside,  I  took  them  outside  and  I  comforted  them  by  holding  their  hand,  
giving  them  a  cuddle  and  gave  them  some  of  their  favourite  toys
...
 
Also,  I  used  one  word  at  a  time  and  I  repeated  it  a  couple  of  times  to  help  them  to  
understand  what  I  am  saying  to  them
...
 Also,  smiling  to  them  was  a  way  to  make  
them  realise  that  I  understand  and  I  acknowledge  them  and  their  feelings  so  it  helps  
to  make  them  feel  at  ease  and  put  them  in  a  happier  mood
...
   
 
The  disadvantages  of  not  using  the  communication  skills  such  as  holding  their  hand  
and  smiling  at  them  is  that  it  can  frustrate  the  child  because  they  may  feel  that  you  
don’t  understand  what  they  are  trying  to  say  to  you  so  they  would  cry  because  they  
feel  helpless  and  confused  to  how  to  express  their  feelings
...
 
 

 

6  

Overall,  using  communication  skills  is  a  must  for  special  need  children  because  they  
need  the  extra  care  and  support  in  order  to  stop  them  from  feeling  confused  and  
frustrated
...
       
 

LO1-­‐  1
...
 As  a  result  carers  and  nurses  uses  the  latest  technology  while  doing  their  job,  
which  means  their  job  is  done  effectively
...
 Another  communication  type  is  non-­‐verbal,  
which  is  body  language,  gestures  and  the  way  we  act
...
skillsyouneed
...
html,  2011)  
For  care  professionals  they  must  understand  when  and  which  type  of  
communication  must  be  used  in  order  to  be  effective  and  give  the  best  service
...
 Therefore,  to  deal  with  this  then  many  interpersonal  interaction  
and  communication  techniques  must  be  applied  such  as  verbal,  non-­‐verbal,  PECS  
(picture  exchange  communication  system),  and  makaton
...
 This  is  
important  for  service  users  so  they  don’t  find  difficulties  in  understanding  when  care  
professionals  communicate  with  them
...
 The  non-­‐verbal  
communication  can  be  known  as  body  language  as  it  sends  a  message  across  by  our  
facial  expression,  our  gestures  with  our  hands  and  arms,  the  angle  of  our  head  and  
our  body  posture
...
 As  a  result,  for  an  effective  communication  a  care  professional  
must  be  able  to  understand  people’s  non-­‐verbal  behavior  by  analysing  them
...
   
One  of  the  ways  of  dealing  with  inappropriate  interpersonal  communication  is  a  
two-­‐way  Dialogue
...
 Also,  both  must  ask  
questions  freely
...
 If  the  care  professional  
does  not  make  the  patient  feel  comfortable  and  welcoming  the  patient  will  feel  
embarrassed  of  their  situation  and  they  would  not  want  to  share  their  problem  
because  they  may  feel  that  the  care  professional  may  not  handle  the  situation  in  a  
way  of  not  embarrassing  the  client
...
 
Therefore,  when  working  with  a  patient  you  must  make  sure  you  convey  care  and  
that  you  are  committed  to  their  wellbeing
...
 
In  addition,  making  eye  contact,  listening,  questioning  is  an  effective  way  of  
communicating  because  it  makes  the  patient  feel  that  you  understand  what  they  are  
going  through  and  they  feel  that  you  can  empathies  with  them
...
 On  the  other  hand  however,  if  you  don’t  give  your  
patient  enough  attention  they  will  feel  insecure  and  fearful,  this  means  it  would  be  
an  inappropriate  interpersonal  communication
...
4  

In  this  part  of  the  report  it  will  analyse  the  use  of  strategies  to  support  users  of  
health  and  social  care  serviced  with  specific  communication  needs
...
 The  purpose  of  makaton  is  to  support  children  with  their  spoken  language
...
 As  a  result,  this  helps  children  who  have  a  speech  
that  is  unclear  or  have  no  speech
...
 Also,  
Makaton  can  help  children  and  adults  who  have  trouble  with  communicating  what  
they  think  or  how  they  feel,  paying  attention  and  listening  to  and  understanding  
speech
...
   
The  advantages  of  makaton  is  that  it  immensely  helps  individuals  with  learning  
difficulties  to  understand  much  more  of  what  is  being  said  and  is  being  presented  to  
them  which  means  that  it  takes  their  frustration  away  of  not  understanding  when  
people  communicate  with  them  without  using  makaton
...
 
On  the  other  hand,  however  the  disadvantages  would  be  if  makaton  is  not  used  for  
individuals  with  learning  difficulties  it  causes  many  issues  such  as  parents  or  carers  
not  understanding  their  child’s  needs  and  wants  at  that  moment  which  causes  the  
individual  to  feel  frustrated  and  very  helpless  which  could  cause  anxiety  and  
depression  as  they  can’t  express  their  feelings
...
 
 

8  

(http://www
...
org
...
 
Therefore,  an  advocate  has  a  goal  to  support  a  child  or  young  person,  to  have  their  
say
...
 This  is  another  strategy  to  support  users  with  their  
communication  needs
...
   
The  advantage  of  an  advocate  is  that  it  helps  an  individual  with  learning  difficulties  
to  speak  on  their  behalf  and  express  their  feelings  and  needs
...
 
But,  the  disadvantage  of  not  having  an  advocate  is  that  it  can  cause  frustration  and  
depression  for  the  individual  if  they  are  not  supported  and  does  not  have  anyone  to  
speak  on  their  behalf  to  express  their  feelings  and  needs
...
 It  is  a  small  electronic  device  that  is  
worn  behind  the  ear,  which  makes  sounds  louder  so  the  person  who  has  hearing  loss  
can  hear  and  communicate  better
...
 As  a  result,  this  strategy  can  help  a  child  or  an  elderly  that  has  a  
hearing  difficulty  so  their  communication  would  be  clearer,  which  means  that  the  
communication  would  then  be  more  effective
...
   
The  disadvantages  of  not  using  the  hearing  aid  is  that  it  causes  difficulties  in  hearing  
and  communicating  which  causes  problems  in  understanding  when  communicating  
with  others  so  it  prevents  the  needs  of  the  individual  to  be  met  if  they  can’t  express  
their  needs
...
     
 

 

9  

Also,  another  theory  is  the  humanistic  helps  with  communication  with  children  
because  it  helps  us  to  understand  that  when  a  the  learns  that  if  they  do  something  
they  will  get  a  reward  for  it,  which  means  the  job  will  easily  will  be  done
...
 
 
In  addition,  in  this  report  it  helps  us  to  understand  some  methods  of  dealing  with  
inappropriate  interpersonal  communication  between  individuals  in  health  and  social  
care  setting  by  using  the  communication  type  such  as  non  verbal  and  for  an  effective  
communication  a  care  professional  must  be  able  to  understand  people’s  non-­‐verbal  
behavior  by  analysing  them
...
 
 
Lastly,  in  this  report  it  will  also  analyse  the  use  of  strategies  to  support  users  of  
health  and  social  care  service  with  specific  communication  needs  for  example  using  
Makaton  which  is  strategy  that  can  support  children  with  learning  difficulties  and  
their  communication  needs  as  it  is  the  sign  and  symbol  language  used  in  the  
CBeebies  show
...
 Using  signs  and  symbols  does  this  and  there  are  many  more  strategies  to  
support  users
...
simplypsychology
...
html  17/12/2014  
 
http://www
...
com/children/piaget-­‐stages-­‐of-­‐development  17/12/2014  
 
http://psychology
...
com/od/piagetstheory/a/keyconcepts
...
blackwellpublishing
...
pdf  18/12/2014  
 
https://www
...
com/psychology/textbooks/boundless-­‐psychology-­‐
textbook/personality-­‐16/the-­‐humanistic-­‐perspective-­‐78/maslow-­‐s-­‐theory-­‐307-­‐
12842/  18/12/2014  
 
http://pdf
...
gov/pdf_docs/PNACE294
...
bbc
...
uk/cbeebies/grownups/article/makaton  22/12/2014  
 
http://www
...
org
...
nidcd
...
gov/health/hearing/pages/hearingaid
...
skillsyouneed
...
html  25/02/2015    
 
http://www
...
org
...
 (2009)  Jean  Piaget
...
simplypsychology
...
html  (Accessed:  17  December  2014)
...
webmd
...
   
 
 
McLeod,  S
...
 Available  at:  
http://www
...
org/piaget
...
 
 
http://psychology
...
com/od/piagetstheory/a/keyconcepts
...
 
 
Dunhill,  A
...
 and  Shaw,  A
...
 Effective  communication  and  
engagement  with  children  and  young  people,  their  families  and  carers
...
   
 
http://www
...
com/content/bpl_images/content_store/sample_c
hapter/9781405155205/9781405155205_4_001
...
boundless
...
boundless
...
skillsyouneed
...
html  (2011)  
(Accessed:  25  February  2015)
...
childrenssociety
...
uk/what-­‐we-­‐do/helping-­‐children/advocacy-­‐
services/salford-­‐childrens-­‐rights/what-­‐advocate  (no  date)  (Accessed:  25  February  
2015)
...
1  
 
 

12  

In  this  report  it  will  discuss  how  different  factors  such  as  values,  cultural,  legislation,  
codes  of  practice,  organisational  systems  and  policies  influence  the  communication  
process  in  health  and  social  care
...
 Ethnicity  is  defined  as  
“relationships  between  groups  whose  members  consider  themselves  distinctive  and  
these  groups  are  often  ranked  hierarchically  within  a  society”
...
248)
...
 However,  the  members  are  worried  about  working  with  the  health  
professional  because  they  feel  they  are  not  treated  equally  because  of  their  ethnic  
background,  as  some  health  professionals  may  discriminate  because  they  may  
believe  that  they  should  only  treat  the  people  of  that  country  as  these  services  are  
for  them  and  not  for  other  people  who  have  moved  to  the  country  and  they  have  a  
different  ethnicity
...
 
 
But  on  the  other  hand,  however  as  the  community  members  can’t  speak  English  
properly  they  received  a  translator  but  the  translator  may  cause  some  problems  
such  as  not  translating  exactly  the  same  as  the  doctor  had  said  which  could  cause  
limited  understanding  and  misunderstanding
...
   
(Dunhill,  Elliott  and  Shaw,  pp
...
 Therefore,  to  improve  the  communication  process  doctors  
should  provide  leaflets  that  are  written  in  a  language  that  the  community  members  
will  understand
...
 
 
In  addition,  another  factor  that  can  influence  communication  process  is  gender
...
about
...
htm  (2015)  (Accessed:  20  January  2015)
...
 So,  they  
went  to  the  nurse  clinic  and  the  nurse  asks  all  her  questions  to  the  mother  such  as  

 

13  

her  son’s  day-­‐to-­‐day  activity
...
 Then  they  went  to  see  the  
doctor  who  had  medical  students  and  they  also  had  asked  questions  to  the  mother  
and  the  father  had  answered
...
 This  means  there  was  stereotyping  of  women  taking  
care  of  her  child  and  men  working  which  made  the  parents  uncomfortable  and  it  
delayed  the  whole  process  as  care  professionals  thought  the  same
...
 This  will  help  improve  the  
communication  process,  as  it  won’t  delay  the  process  and  it  won’t  waste  any  time  by  
getting  direct  answers  from  the  mother  or  father  who  knows  the  exact  answers
...
 Age  is  
defined  as  “a  biological  or  physiological  dimension,  so  that,  over  time,  the  
appearance  and  physical  capabilities  of  our  body  change  quite  dramatically’
...
 Also,  it  is  defined  as  ‘as  human  beings,  we  live  in  societies,  each  with  
culturally  defined  expectations  of  how  persons  of  particular  ages  are  suppose  to  
behave”
...
378)
...
 This  meant  that  young  
people  were  all  stereotyped  of  having  a  bad  image,  which  made  many  
uncomfortable  and  many  felt  that  they  were  not  supported,  as  the  doctors  won’t  
believe  them
...
 Therefore,  to  
improve  this  communication  process  health  professionals  must  treat  everyone  
equally,  make  them  feel  welcomed  and  support  them  in  order  for  them  to  feel  
comfortable  to  tell  their  health  problems
...
76)  
 

LO2-­‐2
...
   One  of  the  legislations  is  the  
Equality  Act  2010,  which  legally  protects  people  from  discrimination  in  their  
workplace
...
   
 

 

14  

As  a  result,  as  this  act  legally  protects  everyone  it  means  that  it  will  not  allow  anyone  
to  treat  anyone  unequally  at  work,  in  education,  in  a  care  setting  and  in  many  other  
situations
...
   
 
Therefore,  care  homes  must  make  sure  that  they  have  all  the  facilities  that  a  
disabled  person  will  need  in  order  to  make  them  feel  like  other  patients  as  they  will  
be  able  to  do  things  such  as  eat,  change  their  clothes  and  many  other  things  for  
themselves  if  they  have  those  equipment’s  such  as  a  wheelchair  which  will  help  
them  to  move  around
...
 This  means  that  a  disabled  person  in  a  care  home  is  able  to  be  
confident  and  comfortable  enough  to  communicate  with  health  professionals  and  
tell  them  their  health  issues  and  try  to  engage  with  others,  as  they  won’t  feel  
embarrassed  of  their  disability  due  to  the  Equality  Act
...
 
 
Furthermore,  NMC  nursing  and  midwifery  council  follows  one  code  of  practice  and  
there  are  many  elements  within  it,  which  directs  workers  such  as  nurses  and  
midwives  to  behave  in  a  certain  way
...
 Therefore,  nurses  and  midwives  must  not  
discriminate,  the  must  treat  patients  kindly,  they  must  act  as  an  advocate  to  help  
their  patients  to  access  relevant  health  and  social  care  information  and  support,  they  
must  respect  patients  confidentiality,  they  must  not  disclose  information  that  could  
cause  them  harm  and  they  must  gain  consent  before  they  being  any  treatment
...
 Firstly,  it  has  an  impact  positively  for  example,  when  a  mother  is  in  labour  
a  midwife  comes  to  check  if  she  is  ready  for  birth  and  when  she  does  this  she  makes  
sure  that  the  mother’s  dignity  is  being  maintained  by  closing  the  curtains  to  make  
sure  they  are  not  being  revealed  to  other  patients  in  the  ward
...
 This  will  then  help  them  to  understand  
what  needs  to  be  done  during  birth  instead  of  being  unconfident  and  causing  
complications  during  the  birth  due  to  lack  of  information  that  was  needed  to  be  
known
...
 For  example,  when  a  patient  is  unconscious  and  the  treatment  must  
be  done  as  soon  as  possible  which  means  that  the  code  of  practice  cannot  be  

 

15  

followed  in  order  to  save  the  patients  life
...
 This  will  then  
cause  a  big  problem  such  as  suing  the  hospital  and  have  an  argument  with  the  
doctor
...
 As  “Jehovah's  Witnesses  refuse  to  accept  blood  transfusions  because  
they  say  blood  represents  life,  and  only  God  is  the  giver  of  life”  
http://www
...
co
...
html  (2014)  (Accessed:  
21  January  2015)
...
 
 
In  addition,  there  is  the  code  of  conduct  for  Healthcare  Support  Workers  and  Adult  
Social  Workers  in  England,  which  support  workers  follow  these  codes  of  conduct  and  
one  of  them,  is  to  communicate  in  an  effective  way  to  promote  the  health,  safety  
and  wellbeing  of  people  who  use  health  and  care  services  in  order  to  have  an  impact  
on  the  communication  process
...
skillsforcare
...
uk/Document-­‐
library/Standards/National-­‐minimum-­‐training-­‐standard-­‐and-­‐
code/CodeofConduct
...
   
 
Therefore,  they  do  this  by  communicating  respectfully  with  their  patients,  
communicating  openly,  effectively  and  in  a  confidential  way
...
 Also,  support  workers  informs  the  care,  support  or  the  procedure  
that  they  will  give  and  they  make  sure  that  they  continue  if  a  valid  consent  is  given
...
 Therefore,  communication  
process  is  effective  as  the  patient  is  educated  about  their  care  plan  and  they  will  be  
able  to  communicate  confidently  when  they  have  a  question  or  a  query
...
 Therefore,  as  
the  support  worker  is  not  able  to  educate  their  patient  on  the  procedure  and  the  
patient  still  rejects  to  accept  the  care  it  means  that  the  communication  process  was  
not  successful
...
3                                                                                            

 
In  this  report  it  will  analyse  the  effectiveness  of  organisational  systems  and  policies  
in  promoting  good  practice  in  communication
...
 The  most  essential  part  of  confidentiality  is  that  
when  case  notes  or  records  are  being  made  they  are  done  accurately  and  precisely  
because  if  “information  is  not  safe  it  means  it  is  not  accurate”
...
hmr
...
uk/attachments/article/226/ADVISORY%20NOTICE%20New%2
0National%20Confidentiality%20Guidance
...
 
Therefore,  it  makes  it  easier  to  share  relevant  information  when  in  need  or  to  be  
able  have  access  of  the  information  when  needed
...
 This  means  that  it  helps  promote  good  practice  in  
communication  as  the  information  of  the  patient  is  confidential  it  means  the  patient  
feels  safe  and  gives  them  a  reassurance  that  their  information  wont  be  exposed  to  
everyone  which  means  they  will  communicate  with  healthcare  professionals  about  
their  health  issues  without  any  hesitation
...
 
This  could  cause  some  problems,  as  the  patient  will  reject  for  their  information  to  be  
shared  with  anyone  else,  as  they  are  not  comfortable  or  they  feel  embarrassed
...
 
 
In  addition,  another  organisational  system  is  leaflets,  which  provides  information  on  
a  particular  health  issue  and  how  to  treat  it
...
 This  is  one  way  of  promoting  good  
practice  in  communication  as  this  leaflet  could  help  educate  a  patient  on  the  health  
issue  that  they  have  which  means  that  when  a  health  care  professional  explains  
furthermore  they  are  then  able  to  understand  what  the  doctor  is  talking  about  as  
they  have  understood  the  background  information  by  reading  the  leaflet
...
   But  the  drawback  of  
this  could  be  that  if  the  leaflet  is  only  written  in  one  language  and  the  patient  does  
not  understand  English  it  then  makes  it  difficult  to  promote  good  practice  in  
communication
...
 As  a  
result,  they  will  feel  frustrated  and  annoyed  as  they  wont  get  their  questions  
answered  properly  due  to  language  barrier
...
   
 
Furthermore,  there  are  policies  that  promote  good  practice  in  communication  such  
as  safeguarding
...
 
http://www
...
org
...
 
Therefore,  this  policy  means  that  both  adults  and  children  whose  circumstance  
makes  them  vulnerable  are  protected  in  every  way  to  ensure  they  live  freely  and  
safely
...
 
In  addition,  the  care  quality  commission  (CQC)  regulates  health  and  social  care  
services  in  England  that  checks  whether  the  services  meet  the  government’s  
standards  or  not
...
 Also,  they  check  whether  the  government  standards  
are  being  followed  such  as  respecting  people  and  treating  them  with  care,  making  
sure  people  are  receiving  the  food  they  need  and  having  the  right  staff
...
 
http://www
...
org
...
 
Also,  CQC  is  a  programme  joint  to  Ofsted  that  examines  the  safeguarding  of  children  
and  adults  by  inspecting  how  they  are  being  treated  within  the  NHS
...
 Also,  CQC  believes  that  safeguarding  is  successful  
when  information  is  being  sharing  with  partner  agencies  because  it  will  help  protect  
people  who  are  at  risk  by  a  wider  safeguarding  system,  it  will  help  coordinate  
activities  where  possible  and  promote  standards  of  quality  and  safety  in  health  and  
social  care
...
 Therefore,  anyone  
who  will  be  facing  any  abuse  or  harm  will  be  able  to  communicate  freely  and  feel  
protected,  as  they  know  that  these  agencies  will  protect  them  from  any  further  
harm
...
 “There  is  evidence  to  suggest  that  teenagers  concern  relating  to  
embarrassment  and  confidentiality  influence  consultation  rates  about  sensitive  
topics”  (Churchill  and  McPherson,  2005)
...
79)
...
   
 

LO2-­‐2
...
 
For  example,  in  a  care  home  a  patient  had  fallen  over  and  two  care  professionals  had  
helped  him  up  and  the  care  professionals  thought  the  other  had  recorded  it
...
 The  relative  had  asked  what  had  happened  and  the  nurse  on  duty  that  
day  went  to  check  the  records  and  there  was  no  entry
...
 The  nurse  then  had  to  find  the  nurses  
in  charge  the  previous  day  and  find  out  what  had  happened
...
 There  was  a  big  issue  due  to  lack  of  
communication  between  the  nurses  who  should  of  made  sure  that  one  of  them  had  
updated  the  records  which  meant  that  it  caused  the  whole  confusion  on  what  had  
happened  to  the  patient  therefore,  the  relatives  were  frustrated  and  could  not  trust  
the  nurses  anymore
...
   
 
On  the  other  hand,  however  to  improve  the  communication  process  the  nurses  
should  have  regular  team  meetings  and  talk  about  each  patient  and  their  progress  or  
any  problems  therefore,  this  will  help  improve  the  communication  process  as  all  the  
nurses  will  be  aware  of  each  patient  so  if  there  was  any  relative  who  wanted  to  
know  about  the  patient  the  nurse  will  not  hesitate  and  know  exactly  what  to  say
...
   
 
Furthermore,  another  example  is  that  a  person  has  arrived  to  A&E  and  they  have  
been  told  their  relative  has  been  in  an  accident
...
 The  receptionist  
asks  them  to  calm  down  and  calls  security
...
 The  doctor  had  came  
out  and  then  told  the  relative  that  they  will  go  and  find  out  information  and  
 

19  

returned  in  5  minutes  and  explained  everything  to  the  relative  in  a  corner
...
   
Therefore,  to  improve  communication  process  the  nurse  or  the  doctor  should  of  
listened  to  the  relative  and  should  of  given  all  the  information  they  wanted  as  soon  
as  possible  which  would  of  calmed  them  down
...
 Facing  the  relative,  
maintaining  eye  contact,  not  rushing  them  and  speaking  clearly  is  important  to  
improve  communication  because  it  will  make  the  relative  feel  that  your  full  attention  
is  on  them  and  you  want  to  help  them  out  so  the  relative  feels  less  frustrated  and  
worried  and  will  feel  relieved  when  answering  their  questions  as  soon  as  possible
...
communitycare
...
uk/2012/07/26/how-­‐social-­‐care-­‐staff-­‐can-­‐improve-­‐
their-­‐communication/  (2015)  (Accessed:  25  January  2015)
...
 All  these  factors  have  both  negative  and  
positive  influence  on  commination  practice  such  as  one  of  the  codes  of  practice  is  
confidentiality  and  sometimes  doctors  cannot  keep  a  patients  information  
confidential  in  order  to  give  a  better  quality  health  care  as  they  doctor  would  need  
to  share  the  information  with  a  larger  health  organisation
...
 As  a  result,  overall  all  these  factors  influence  an  effective  communication  
process  as  it  makes  sure  that  the  patients  needs  are  met  by  giving  them  a  choice  to  
decide  whether  to  have  or  not  have  the  treatment,  a  patient  beliefs  are  respected  
such  as  a  Jehovah  Witness  is  not  given  blood  transfusion  without  their  consent  and  
all  patients  are  treated  with  respect  and  care  in  order  for  them  to  feel  safe
...
 This  means  that  the  patient  will  feel  
comfortable  and  safe,  which  means  communication  process,  will  be  successful,  as  
the  patient  will  not  feel  embarrassed  of  their  situation
...
1  

In  this  report  it  will  analyse  the  use  of  information  and  communication  technology  
(ICT)  in  health  and  social  care
...
 Therefore,  I  have  used  word  process  to  present  my  report  on  communication  
which  I  will  be  then  emailing  it  to  the  senior  members  of  staff
...
   

 

20  

LO3-­‐3
...
 Firstly,  one  of  the  ICT  that  is  used  is  the  Electronic  
Prescription  Service  (EPS)  which  has  been  used  to  benefit  service  users  and  care  
workers
...
 Aslo,    when  the  
patient  has  finished  their  medication  they  can  then  renew  it  in  their  pharmacy  as  the  
pharmacist  will  send  a  request  to  their  doctor  for  a  renewal
...
 This  means  that  their  will  be  no  
lose  of  any  important  information  such  as  the  history  of  the  medications  that  was  
prescribed  to  patients  as  all  prescriptions  will  be  done  electronically
...
 As  a  result,  this  makes  the  process  of  
dispencing  and  renewing  more  effiecient  for  the  patient  and  the  care  professional  
because  it  will  prevent  any  human  error  that  could  put  a  life  at  risk  and  minimises  
the  use  of  paper  that  could  easily  get  lost  which  will  cause  many  problems  such  as  
not  being  able  to  get  a  hold  of  previous  medication  that  was  prescribed  before
...
rheumatology
...
   
 
On  the  other  hand,  however  there  are  some  disadvantages  in  using  the  EPS  such  as  
the  system  failing  which  will  cause  problem  to  the  workflow  as  their  will  be  delays  
with  patients  receiving  their  medication  on  time
...
 Also,  another  disadvantage  could  be  if  the  prescription  was  sent  
electronically  and  was  not  accurate  and  clear  enough  for  the  pharmacist  it  means  
that  it  will  cause  a  delay  in  giving  the  patients  medication  as  the  pharmacist  will  then  
be  requesting  for  more  information  from  the  Doctor  or  the  Nurse
...
 Lastly,  another  disadvantage  could  be  the  cost  of  the  
maintenance  and  the  transaction  fees  because  large  chain  pharmacies  can  lower  the  
fees  but  the  smaller  chains  must  pay  more,  which  means  that  the  smaller  chains  may  
stop  using  it
...
 As  a  result,  many  patients  will  be  immensely  annoyed  and  
frustrated  whilst  going  through  the  process  of  renewing  their  prescription
...
uspharmacist
...
 
In  addition,  another  type  of  ICT  used  in  a  health  and  social  care  setting  is  telephone  
or  text  messaging  reminders  for  appointments
...
   Therefore,  since  there  has  been  a  use  of  telephone  or  
text-­‐messaging  reminders  there  has  been  a  considerable  reduction  in  missed  
appointments
...
 As  a  result,  paper  is  not  being  
wasted  and  a  text  message  is  much  faster  to  send  than  sending  a  letter
...
biomedcentral
...
   
In  addition,  another  advantage  is  that  the  cost  of  texting  is  far  less  than  sending  
letters  or  making  telephone  calls
...
 Letters  have  printing  and  postage  costs  and  sometimes  there  is  a  delay  due  
to  loss  of  letters  which  means  that  texting  is  far  more  reliable  and  quick  as  you  can  
send  one  text  message  to  all  patients  in  just  a  few  second  and  they  will  receive  the  
message
...
televox
...
   
 
 
   
As  a  result,  text  messaging  has  many  benefits  such  as  quick  and  easy  and  has  a  low  
cost  to  be  sent  to  all  patients  which  means  it  benefits  both  care  professionals  and  
service  users  as  no  ones  time  is  being  wasted  due  to  patients  being  reminded  of  
their  appointment  which  means  no  appointments  will  then  be  missed
...
 Doctors  have  thousands  of  patients  every  month  and  it  is  hugely  
important  that  their  medical  details  are  recorded  accurately  so  the  right  medication  
is  given  and  the  right  treatment  is  done
...
 Also,  using  computerised  database  it  is  easy  to  access  any  
patient’s  medical  records
...
igcseict
...
 Also,  when  
looking  back  through  the  medical  history  of  one  patient  it  can  consume  a  lot  of  time  
to  look  for  it  through  folders  therefore,  using  computerised  database  can  help  you  
find  medical  details  of  any  patient  within  seconds  as  you  can  type  in  the  name  of  the  
patient  and  their  date  of  birth  and  all  the  information  needed  will  be  on  the  screen
...
 Lastly,  computerised  database  can  benefit  service  users  as  the  live  
of  a  patient  can  improve  by  gathering  more  information  on  the  decision  the  must  

 

22  

take  for  a  treatment  also,  using  the  computer  system  they  can  contact  support  
groups  and  get  advice  which  will  help  them  to  make  the  right  decision  and  
encourage  them
...
 Also,  many  records  can  be  lost  if  a  
care  professional  is  met  in  a  accident  and  they  have  their  laptop  with  them  then  all  
the  records  are  lost
...
 https://faz97
...
com/2011/12/12/advantages-­‐and-­‐disadvantages-­‐of-­‐
using-­‐ict-­‐in-­‐healthcare/  (2011)  (Accessed:  22  January  2014)
...
3  
 
I  will  be  analysing  how  legal  considerations  in  the  use  of  ICT  impacts  on  health  and  
social  care  such  as  the  data  protection  act  and  the  health  and  safety  act
...
 
Therefore,  when  using  the  personal  data  of  service  users  organisations  and  
businesses  must  use  it  in  a  particular  way  such  as  fairly  and  lawfully,  for  a  specific  
purpose  such  as  when  a  doctor  shares  their  patients  personal  information  with  a  
senior  doctor  for  more  advice  on  what  decision  to  take,  the  data  must  be  handled  
according  to  data  protection  rights  and  data  must  be  kept  safe  and  secure  to  ensure  
privacy  and  confidentiality  is  maintained
...
gov
...
   
 
 
Therefore,  the  advantage  of  the  Data  Protection  Act  is  that  it  ensures  the  
organisations  and  businesses  that  access  service  users  information  is  kept  safe  and  
confidentiality  is  maintains  as  they  don’t  reveal  the  information  to  people  outside  
the  organisation  and  business  which  means  service  users  feel  that  their  data  is  being  
protected
...
   
http://searchstorage
...
co
...
   
 
 
 
                                                               
But,  on  the  other  hand  however,  there  are  disadvantages  of  the  Data  Protection  Act  
because  some  service  users  would  not  want  to  share  they  personal  information  to  
anyone  at  all  such  as  other  their  family  or  an  organisations  that  could  help  them  and  
advice  them  on  other  treatments  that  they  could  have  in  order  to  improve  their  
health
...
   
The  Health  and  Safety  at  Work  Act  1974  helps  to  promote  and  encourage  high  
quality  health  and  safety  at  work  to  protect  employees  and  public  from  different  
activities  that  take  place  during  the  day
...
 The  main  duties  of  the  Act  is  employers  must  
maintain  and  provide  safe  equipment’s  in  the  work  place  such  as  a  foot  support  
must  be  provided,  head  rest  and  an  adjustable  seat  in  order  for  the  persons  back  to  
be  straight  so  it  does  not  pain  when  siting  in  a  wrong  posture  for  too  long
...
 Also,  employers  must  provide  a  safe  
working  environment  which  means  their  must  be  a  first  aid  trainer  in  case  of  an  
accident  which  means  first  aid  trainer  can  take  action  before  it  is  too  late
...
open
...
uk/your-­‐record/health
...
 Also,  
as  the  employee  educates  their  workers  on  their  health  and  safety  it  is  an  advantage  
as  it  makes  them  aware  of  how  to  prevent  any  health  problems  in  the  future  which  
means  the  keep  fit  and  healthy  all  year
...
 If  there  is  thousands  
of  workers  then  thousands  of  equipment  will  be  needed  therefore,  as  some  
organisations  or  businesses  that  cant  afford  these  equipment’s  it  means  they  don’t  
follow  the  Act  which  can  cause  a  problem  to  both  employees  and  the  business
...
 For  example,  ethnicity,  if  a  group  
or  a  person  has  a  language  barrier  then  they  must  have  a  translator  in  order  to  
influence  communication,  which  means  that  their  needs  are  met  therefore;  they  can  
communicate  and  explain  their  health  problem  clearly
...
   
In  addition,  there  are  many  organisational  systems  and  policies  that  promote  good  
practice  in  communication  such  as  confidentiality,  leaflets  and  safeguarding
...
 Also,  to  influence  communication  I  have  found  out  ways  of  
improving  communication  process  such  as  retraining,  teaching  and  following  codes  
of  practice  in  order  to  improve  communication  process  furthermore
...
 The  benefits  of  these  were  that  it  
speeded  up  the  process  of  getting  medication,  reminding  people  of  their  
appointments  and  not  missing  it  and  as  medical  records  were  computerised  it  
helped  to  find  a  record  in  just  few  seconds
...
 Also,  there  are  legal  considerations  when  using  ICT  in  health  and  social  
care  such  as  the  Data  Protection  Act  and  the  Health  and  Safety  Act
...
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Bibliography    

 
http://sociology
...
com/od/Disciplines/a/Sociology-­‐Of-­‐Gender
...
gov
...
gov
...
dailymail
...
uk/news/article-­‐2828862/Husband-­‐tells-­‐agony-­‐death-­‐
Jehovah-­‐s-­‐Witness-­‐wife-­‐refused-­‐blood-­‐transfusion-­‐C-­‐section
...
skillsforhealth
...
uk/component/docman/doc_download/2246-­‐code-­‐
of-­‐conduct-­‐healthcare-­‐support
...
hmr
...
uk/attachments/article/226/ADVISORY%20NOTICE%20New%2
0National%20Confidentiality%20Guidance
...
hscic
...
uk/media/12822/Guide-­‐to-­‐confidentiality-­‐in-­‐health-­‐and-­‐
social-­‐care/pdf/HSCIC-­‐guide-­‐to-­‐confidentiality
...
cqc
...
uk/content/safeguarding-­‐people  24/12/2014  
 
http://www
...
org
...
pdf  4/1/2015  
 
http://www
...
co
...
rheumatology
...
uspharmacist
...
biomedcentral
...
televox
...
igcseict
...
wordpress
...
gov
...
techtarget
...
uk/definition/Data-­‐Protection-­‐Act-­‐1998  
24/01/15  
 
https://msds
...
ac
...
htm  25/01/2015  
 

 

26  

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Reference  List  
 
Haralambos,  M
...
 (2013)  Haralambos  &  Holborn  sociological:  
themes  and  perspectives
...
,  Elliott,  B
...
 (2009)
...
 United  
Kingdom:  Learning  Matters  Ltd
...
about
...
htm  (2015)  
(Accessed:  16  December  2014)  
 
http://www
...
co
...
html  (2014)  (Accessed:  
18  December  2014)
...
skillsforcare
...
uk/Document-­‐library/Standards/National-­‐minimum-­‐
training-­‐standard-­‐and-­‐code/CodeofConduct
...
 
 
http://www
...
nhs
...
pdf  (no  date)  (Accessed:  23  December  
2014)
...
cqc
...
uk/content/safeguarding-­‐people  (2015)  (Accessed:  23  
December  2015)
...
cqc
...
uk/content/who-­‐we-­‐are-­‐and-­‐what-­‐we-­‐do  (2015)  (Accessed:  24  
December  2015)
...
communitycare
...
uk/2012/07/26/how-­‐social-­‐care-­‐staff-­‐can-­‐improve-­‐
their-­‐communication/  (2015)  (Accessed:  4  January  2015)
...
rheumatology
...
   
 
http://www
...
com/content/s/266/c/42392/  (no  date)  (Accessed:  20  
January  2015)
...
biomedcentral
...
 
 
http://www
...
com/automated-­‐text-­‐messaging/text-­‐messaging-­‐provides-­‐
numerous-­‐benefits-­‐to-­‐healthcare-­‐providers-­‐and-­‐patients/  (no  date)  (Accessed:  21  
January  2015)
...
igcseict
...
wordpress
...
 
 
 

 

28  

https://www
...
uk/data-­‐protection/the-­‐data-­‐protection-­‐act  (2014)  (Accessed:  24  
January  2015)
...
techtarget
...
uk/definition/Data-­‐Protection-­‐Act-­‐1998  (no  date)  
(Accessed:  24  January  2015)
...
open
...
uk/your-­‐record/health
Title: communication in health and social care
Description: HNC unit 1 on communicating in health and social care