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ELECTRIC BICYCLE

1
...
This works on electric power distributed by the DC electric
motor receiving the current from a battery
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There are so many vehicles that came to influence in the existing world
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At the present sense the fossil
fuel can exceed only for a certain period after that we have to go for a change to other
methods
...
This will be
very useful to the future needs of the world
...
So we took the innovative to build electric cycle
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It also has a motor of
120 watts which gets the supply from batteries
...
We can also connect a dynamo which can light up
LED’s and also give power to the battery to charge it
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It has a speed of 25km/h
...
It main benefit is that it does not require any fuel and is of low cost
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It is very useful for handicap persons
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It is
very little maintenance as its batteries only need to be charged which is cheap
...
It cost per
kilometer is 40 paisa
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For different ranges we can change the varying supply systems
...
The project may be an ultimate destiny
among the present systems
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LITERATURE SURVEY
2
...
S
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For
example, on 31 December 1895, Ogden Bolton Jr
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S
...
‖ There were no gears and the motor could draw up to
100 amperes (A) from a 10-volt battery
...
Libby of
Boston invented an electric bicycle (U
...
Patent 596,272) that was propelled by a ―double
electric motor
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This model
was later re-invented and imitated in the late 1990s by Giant Lafree electric bicycles
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Steffens
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S
...
Schlep’s invention was later re-examined and expanded in 1969 by G
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Wood Jr
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S
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Wood’s device used 4 fractional horsepower
motors; connected through a series of gears
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For
example, Takada Yutky of Japan filed a patent in 1997 for such a device
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The bicycle included
Nickel-cadmium batteries that were built into a frame member and included an 850 g
permanent-magnet motor
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Production grew from 1993 to 2004 by an estimated 35%
...
Some of the less expensive electric bicycles used bulky lead acid
batteries, whereas newer models generally used NiMH, NiCd and/or Li-ion batteries
which offered lighter, denser capacity batteries
...

In a parallel hybrid motorized bicycle, such as the aforementioned1897 invention
by Hosea W
...
In an (electronic)
series hybrid cycle, human power is converted into electricity and is fed directly into the
motor and mostly additional electricity is supplied from a battery
...
2 LITERATURE REVIEW

Recently the terms e-bike, power bike, "pedelec", pedal-assisted, and powerassisted bicycle were commonly used to refer to e-bikes
...

E-bikes were thought to make up 10 to 20 percent of all two-wheeled vehicles on
the streets of many major cities
...

Now a days in market HERCULES ELECTRIC BICYCLE are available that will
cost up to Rs-20,000/-
...
The Hercules bicycle is run up to very short
interval because the discharge time for the batteries in the cycle is very less
...
SYSTEM DESIGN
3
...
M
...
C(Permanent magnet Direct current) Gear motor
...
The motor is connected to the
speed controller to regulate the speed of the cycle
...
The batteries supply current to the motor which makes the motor to
rotate its wheel as it is connected to the sprocket of the wheel
...
1
...
This makes the
cycle to provide speed of 20km/hr and runs till 60 km approximately
...
When the motor is connected to the controller and the speed is regulated from
initial position to maximum position the cycle achieves its speed from slow to fast
Sprocket connected to the wheel shaft of the motor has 33 teeth and sprocket connected
to the shaft of the t has 11 teeth so if the motor revolves one time then the wheel will
rotate 4 time
...
During the downhill the
supply from the battery can be disconnected still the cycle can rotate freely and at the
same time power can be generated from dynamo which can used to give supply to
headlight and taillight or to charge the battery
...


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ELECTRIC BICYCLE
3
...
2
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Like all electrical motors, it uses the
magnetism induced by an electrical current to rotate a rotor that is connected to a shaft
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In a gear motor, the energy output is used to turn a series of gears in an integrated
gear train
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Principle of operation
The basic principle of motor action lies in a simple sketch
...


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ELECTRIC BICYCLE

Fig
...
2
...
m
I = Current through the conductor
L = Length of the conductor

Let us consider a single turn coil
...
Due to this movement now the
coil is made to rotate
...
Since the coil is arranged in
the armature when it rotates in emf is induced in the coil and that emf which is induced in
the coil is in opposite to supply emf
...
Hence when motor runs normally the supply emf (V) is equal to B-emf
...

This process that motor converts electrical energy in to mechanical energy where
(Ia x Ia) Ra is the copper loss which is to be neglected
...
A second shaft is connected to these gears
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The motor will not need to draw
as much current to function and will move more slowly, but will provide greater torque
...

A special type of gear motor, the servo motor, provides more power in a compact,
precise fashion, and is used when a motor with a rapid, accurate response is needed
...
The best solution motion control and power transmission applications where
compact size, wide operating speed range, ability to adapt to arrange of power sources or
the safety considerations of low volt-age are important
...

Because of their linear speed-torque curve, they particularly suit adjustable speed and
servo control operation where motor will operate less than 5000rpm
...
55*power rating) /speed
= (9
...
92 N-m

But we know that
Shaft torque

= force * Radius

Force

= Shaft torque / Radius
= 22
...
02

Force

= 1146N

Force

= 1146/9
...


Fig 3
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3 Construction of PMDC motor

Permanent magnet DC brushed motors (PMDC motors) consist of permanent
magnets, located in the stator, and windings, located in the rotor
...
Brushes are connected to DC voltage supply across motor terminals
...
The
current flow through the coils creates magnetic poles in the rotor that interact with
permanent magnet poles
...

For this the slipping contacts are segmented
...
Left picture shows angular position just before commutation of rotor
winding current
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2
...
2
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The most popular chemistry type used in amateur and smaller electric
Vehicles such as bicycles and golf carts, due to very reasonable expense, reasonable life
expectancy and high current delivery
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Types of batteries:

Table 3
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1 Types of batteries

Lead acid Battery:
The positive and negative electrodes of a lead acid battery are immersed in dilute
sulphuric acid
...
During the process of
discharge, the chemical reactions from lead sulphate on both the plates thereby, liberating
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ELECTRIC BICYCLE
water
...
The specific
gravity is a good indication of the state of charge of a battery
...


Chemical Reaction

From the above equation, it is evident that the discharge is carried to the last
point
...
First, lead sulphate occupies a greater volume that lead peroxide and
hence excessive sulphation is liable to setup mechanical stresses in the positive plates,
thereby causing shedding of active material and tracking of the plates
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Chemical action:
Sulphuric acid is a combination of hydrogen and sulphate ions
...


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ELECTRIC BICYCLE
Combining lead on the negative plate with sulphate ions also produces he sulphate
...

As the discharge continues, the sulphate fills the pores of the grids, retarding
circulation of acid in the active material
...
When the combination of weak electrolyte and
sulfating on the plate lowers the output of the battery, charging is necessary
...
C
...
The
reversed direction of ions flows in the electrolyte result in a reversal of the chemical
reactions
...
This action re-forms the positive plates
and makes the electrolyte stronger by adding sulphuric acid
...


The chemical equation for the lead-acid cell is

Chemical Reaction

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ELECTRIC BICYCLE
On discharge, the pb and pbo₂ combine with the SO₄ ions at the left side of the
equation to form lead sulfate (pbSO₄) and water (H₂O) at the right side of the equation
...
1V, which are connected
in series to get a voltage of 12V and the same 12V battery is connected in series, to get a
24 V battery
...


Specific gravity:
Measuring the specific gravity of the electrolyte generally checks the state of
discharge for a lead-acid cell
...
For instance,
concentrated sulfuric acid is 1
...

Therefore, its specific gravity equals 1
...
The specific gravity of water is 1, since it is
the reference
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2
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280 at room temperatures of 70 to 80ºF
...
When it is down to about 1
...

Specific-gravity readings are taken with a battery hydrometer, such as one in
figure (7)
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The decimal point is often omitted for
convenience
...
220 in figure (7) is simply read ―twelve
twenty‖
...
50 are half charge, and 1150 to 1200 indicates complete discharge
...
84
For the specific gravity of 1
...
280 = 0
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12V, as an example
...


Charging the lead-acid battery:
An external D
...
voltage source is necessary to produce current in one direction
...
m
...
Approximately 2
...
m
...
so that the charging voltage can produce current
opposite to the direction of discharge current
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05 specific gravity from each other
...
Do not equalize sealed or gel type batteries
...
Unfortunately, with poor treatment lead-acid battery life will be very
short
...
Wear
gloves, goggles and old clothes
...

The quickest way of ruin lead-acid batteries is to discharge them deeply and leave
them stand ―dead‖ for an extended period of time
...
They change from lead oxide when
charge out lead sulfate when discharged
...

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ELECTRIC BICYCLE
If the battery remains discharge longer, a greater amount of the positive plate will remain
lead sulfate
...

Batteries that are deeply discharged, and then charged partially on a regular basis can fail
in less than one year
...
Use a
hydrometer to check the specific gravity of your lead acid batteries
...
Check the electrolyte level in the wet-cell batteries at the least four
times a year and top each cell of with distilled water
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Electrolyte is absorbed when batteries are much discharged
...

Keep the top of your batteries clean and check that cables are tight
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Any spark around batteries a cause a
hydrogen explosion inside, and ruin one of the cells, and you
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Then the pb ions from the lead sulfate on the right side of the equation re-form
the lead and lead peroxide electrodes
...


Nickel–cadmium battery
The nickel–cadmium battery (NiCd battery or NiCad battery) is a type of
rechargeable battery using nickel oxide hydroxide and metallic cadmium as electrodes
...

Wet-cell nickel-cadmium batteries were invented in 1898
...
2 volts which decreases little until nearly the end of
discharge
...
Compared with other types of rechargeable cells they
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ELECTRIC BICYCLE
offer good cycle life and capacity, good performance at low temperatures, and work well
at high discharge rates (using the cell capacity in one hour or less)
...
Sealed Ni-Cd batteries require no
maintenance
...

The superior capacity of the Nickel-metal hydride batteries, and more recently their lower
cost, has largely supplanted their use
...

Within the European Union, they can now only be supplied for replacement purposes
although they can be supplied for certain specified types of new equipment such as
medical devices
...


Characteristics
The maximum discharge rate for a Ni–Cd battery varies by size
...

Model-aircraft or -boat builders often take much larger currents of up to a hundred amps
or so from specially constructed Ni–Cd batteries, which are used to drive main motors
...
In this, however, they have been largely superseded by
lithium polymer (Lipo) and lithium iron phosphate (LiFe) batteries, which can provide
even higher energy densities
...

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ELECTRIC BICYCLE
A fully charged single Ni–Cd cell, under no load, carries a potential difference of
between 1
...
35 volts, which stays relatively constant as the battery is discharged
...
9
volts, Ni–Cd cells and alkaline cells are typically interchangeable for most applications
...
This many cells are
mostly used in automotive and heavy-duty industrial applications
...
Industrial-sized
flooded batteries are available with capacities ranging from 12
...


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ELECTRIC BICYCLE
SPEED CONTROLLER CIRCUIT

Fig 3
...
7 Speed controller circuit

Output current - 5A
Output voltage - 24V
Thermal overload protection
Short circuit protection
Output transition SOA protection

Description of circuit:
The L7800 series of three-terminal positive regulators is available in TO-220, TO220FP, TO-3 and D2PAK packages and several fixed output voltages, making it useful in
a wide range of applications
...
Each type
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ELECTRIC BICYCLE
employs internal current limiting, thermal shut-down and safe area protection, making it
essentially indestructible
...
Although designed primarily as fixed voltage regulators, these devices
can be used with external components to obtain A=adjustable voltage and currents
...
Timing from microseconds to hours operates in both Astable and Monostable
modes high output current can source Or sink
...
005% per degree Celsius
...
In the time delay mode of operation, the
time is precisely controlled by one external resistor and capacitor
...
The circuit may be triggered and
reset on falling waveforms, and the output structure can source or sink up to 200mA
...


Fig3
...
8 - Pin connections of NE 555

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ELECTRIC BICYCLE
DYNAMO

Fig 3
...
9 Dynamo
A Dynamo (from the Greek word dynamism; meaning power), originally another
name for An electrical generator, generally means a generator that produces direct with the
use of A commutator
...
Today, the simpler alternator dominates large scale
power generation, for efficiency, Reliability and cost reasons
...
Also, Converting alternating to direct current
using power rectification devices hollow state or more Recently solid state) is effective and
usually economic
...
A dynamo machine consists of a stationary structure, called the stator, which
provides a constant magnetic field, and a set of rotating windings called the armature which
turn within that field
...
On small machines
the constant magnetic field may be provided by one or more permanent magnets; larger
machines have the constant magnetic field provided by one or more electromagnets, which
are usually called field coil
...
When a
loop of wire rotates in a magnetic field, the potential induced in it reverses with each half

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ELECTRIC BICYCLE
turn, generating an alternating current
...
The few uses for electricity, such as
electroplating, used direct current provided by messy liquid batteries
...
The commutator is essentially a rotary switch
...
The commutator reverses the connection of the windings to the external circuit when
the potential reverses, so instead of alternating current, a pulsing direct current is produced
...
2
...
The circuit breaker must detect a fault condition; in low-voltage circuit breakers
this is usually done within the breaker enclosure
...
The trip solenoid that releases the latch is usually
energized by a separate battery, although some high-voltage circuit breakers are selfcontained with current transformers, protection relays, and an internal control power
source
...
Small circuit
breakers may be manually operated; larger units have solenoids to trip the mechanism,
and electric motors to restore energy to the springs
...
Contacts are made of copper or copper alloys, silver alloys, and other highly
conductive materials
...
Miniature and molded case circuit
breakers are usually discarded when the contacts have worn, but power circuit breakers
and high-voltage circuit breakers have replaceable contacts
...
This arc must be contained,
cooled, and extinguished in a controlled way, so that the gap between the contacts can
again withstand the voltage in the circuit
...
Different techniques are used
to extinguish the arc including:
• Lengthening / deflection of the arc
• Intensive cooling (in jet chambers)
• Division into partial arcs
• Zero point quenching (Contacts open at the zero current time crossing of the AC
• Waveform, effectively breaking no load current at the time of opening
...
e
...


Low voltage circuit breakers
Low voltage (less than 1000 VAC) types are common in domestic, commercial
and industrial application, and include:

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ELECTRIC BICYCLE
• MCB (Miniature Circuit Breaker)—rated current not more than 100 A
...
Thermal or thermal-magnetic operation
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• MCCB (Molded Case Circuit Breaker)—rated current up to 2500 A
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Trip current may be adjustable in larger ratings
...


The characteristics of Low Voltage circuit breakers are given by international standards
such as IEC 947
...
Large low-voltage
molded case and power circuit breakers may have electrical motor operators, allowing
them to be tripped (opened) and closed under remote control
...
Low-voltage circuit breakers are
also made for direct-current (DC) applications, for example DC supplied for subway
lines
...
A direct current
circuit breaker will have blow-out coils which generate a magnetic field that rapidly
stretches the arc when interrupting direct current Small circuit breakers are either
installed directly in equipment, or are arranged in a breaker panel
...

The design includes the following components:
Actuator lever - used to manually trip and reset the circuit breaker
...
status of the circuit breaker (On or Off/tripped)
...
This is sometimes
referred to as "free trip" or "positive trip" operation
...

Contacts - Allow current when touching and break the current when moved apart
...

Calibration screw - allows the manufacturer to precisely adjust the trip current of the
device after assembly
...
Certain designs utilize electromagnetic forces in addition to
those of the solenoid
...
As the
current in the solenoid increases beyond the rating of the circuit breaker, the solenoid's
pull releases the latch which then allows the contacts to open by spring action
...
The core is restrained by a spring until the current exceeds the breaker rating
...
The delay
permits brief current surges beyond normal running current for motor starting, energizing
equipment, etc
...
Ambient temperature affects
the time delay but does not affect the current rating of a magnetic breaker
...
The thermal portion of the circuit breaker
provides an "inverse time" response feature which provides faster or slower response for
larger or smaller over currents respectively
...
The batteries are placed on both sides
of center rod
...
The controller
circuit is connected to motor which is placed below it and its accelerator is stretched with a
wire till the handle
...
As the larger sprocket completes one rotation than the smaller will complete four
rotations as the teeth on larger sprocket is 33 and smaller sprocket is 11 which is four times
larger than smaller sprocket
...
3 DIAGRAMS AND PHOTOS

ELECTRIC BICYCLE:

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ELECTRIC BICYCLE

PMDC MOTOR

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ELECTRIC BICYCLE

SPEED CONTROL CIRCUIT

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ELECTRIC BICYCLE

BATTERY

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ELECTRIC BICYCLE
3
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* Low power consumption
...

* Maintenance free
...

* Cleanest and independent
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* Highly durable & reliable
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*Better acceleration characteristics than the conventional motorcycles in the same speed
category
...

*Environmental friendly (no exhausted gases at point of use)
...

*No parking/congestion charges in some countries
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*Using grid power to charge batteries causes less pollution than gasoline scooters
...
5 APPLICATION

* For school- going children
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* Can be used for post and courier services
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* Transportation of good in small quantity
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ELECTRIC BICYCLE

4
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Because of Historical reasons these roads cannot be broadened
...
With Enlightened
Government policies of allowing only such vehicles in these areas, the cities of
developing countries can become pollution free and live able
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ELECTRIC BICYCLE

REFERENCES
•Electric Bicycles, Motorcycles, and Scooters to Gain Increasing Acceptance
Worldwide"
...
com
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• Kilocycle - World’s Quickest Electric Motorcycle » Blog Archive
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• IEEE industry evaluation magazine (July/August 2007)
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• ―Jai durgaelectricals‖ (Ambarnath) for motor
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• ―Mahadev Electricals‖ (Ambarnath) for motor
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• ― SevaEnterpriers ― (nashik) for batteries
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• Cycle taken from scrap at Ghatkoper
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ELECTRIC BICYCLE
LIST OF COMPONENT
SR
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RATING/

(No’s)

-

1

24 V DC, 5A

1

1

Bi-cycle

2

Motor

3

Battery (Sealed lead acid )

12V , 18Ah

2

4

Miniature Circuit Breaker

230V,6A

1

5

Dynamo

6V, 1

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