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Chapter 10: Analysis of Insurance Contracts
● basic parts of an insurance contract
○ declarations
○ definitions
○ insuring agreement
○ exclusions
○ conditions
○ misc
...
life insurance (doesn’t cover suicide within first 2 years)
Exclusions
○ excluded perils, excluded losses, excluded property
○ reasons for exclusions:
■ certain perils considered uninsurable by commercial insurers
■ presence of extraordinary hazards
■ coverage provided by other contracts avoid duplication of coverage
■ moral hazard problems
■ attitudinal hazard problems
■ coverage not needed by typical insureds
●
●
Conditions = provisions in the policy that qualify or place limitations on the insurer’s
promise to perform
○ impose certain duties on the insured
Misc
...
Once the deductible is satisfied, the insurer pays all future losses
in full
...
disabilityincome contracts
Coinsurance = a contractual provision that often appears in property insurance contracts
○ Nature of Coinsurance
■ coinsurance clause = a property insurance contract encourages the
insured to insure the property to a stated percentage of its insurable
value
...
● the insurable value of the property is the ACV, replacement cost,
or some other value described in the valuation clause of the policy
● if the insured wants to collect in full for a partial loss, the
coinsurance requirement must be satisfied or the insured will be
penalized if a partial loss occurs
■ coinsurance formula
amount of insurance carried
amount of recovery = amount of insurance required × loss
■
●
●
coinsurance requirement not met = insured must absorb the remaining
amount of loss
■ when applying the coinsurance formula, keep in mind…
...
This rate would be inequitable to insureds who wish to
insure their property to full value
● if full coverage is desired, the insured would have to pay a higher
rate which would be inequitable
● so, if the coinsurance requirement is met, the insured receives a
rate discount, and the policyholder who is underinsured is
penalized through application of coinsurance formula
○ Coinsurance problems
■ 1) inflation can result in a serious coinsurance penalty if the amount of
insurance is not periodically increased for inflation
● price inflation could increase the replacement costs, result in the
insured may not be carrying the required amount of insurance at
the time of loss and he/she will be penalized if loss occurs
■ 2) the insured may incur a coinsurance penalty if property values fluctuate
widely during the policy period
Coinsurance in Health Insurance
○ health insurance frequently contains a coinsurance clause = provisions that
requires the insured to pay a specified percentage of covered medical expenses
in excess of the deductible
○ purpose of coinsurance in health care…
■ 1) reduce premiums
■ 2) prevent overutilization of policy benefits
otherinsurance provisions → typically present in property and casualty insurance and
health insurance
○ purpose of these provisions is to prevent profiting from insurance and violation of
the principle of indemnity
○ 1) pro rata liability = each insurer’s share of the loss is based on the proportion
that its insurance bears to the total amount of insurance on the property (when
○
○
two or more policies of the same type cover the same insurable interest in the
property)
2) contribution by equal shares = each insurer shares equally in the loss until the
share paid by each insurer equals the lowest limit of liability under any policy, or
until the full amount of the loss is paid
3) Primary and excess insurance = primary insurer pays first, and the excess
insurer pays only after the policy limits under the primary policy are exhausted
■ coordinationofbenefits provision → designed to prevent duplication of
benefits if one person is covered under more than one group health
insurance plan