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HYDROCARBONS

Alkanes

General Formula = CnH2n+2

Hydrocarbons have covalent elements, so there for have covalent bonds
...
of Carbon

CH2

C
H

C

CH3

Meth-

1

Eth-

2

Prop-

C

4
5

Cyclohexane

Hex-

6

Hept-

7

Oct-

8

CH3

e
...


Pent-

C3H6

3

But-

Formula

H

H

H

H
H

H
C

H

CH2

HHH

H

Shortened

Formula

CH3 CH2 CH CH2

C

C

H

CH2

CH2

H
Full Structural Formula

H

C

C

H

CH2

CH2

H

C4H8

C
H

H
H

H-C-C-C=C
HHH

H

Formula
C6H12

Cycloalkanes

General Formula = CnH2n

CH2

NAMING ALKANES

HOMOLOGUS SERIES

Straight Chain

CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3

Branched Chain

A homologus series is a family of compounds that can be represented by a
general formula
...
g
...


CH3

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

CH3
Methyl Group

1
...

3
...


C2H5
Ethyl Group

Select longest carbon chain and name with appropriate alkane
...

Name the branch(es) and indicate the position(s)
...


General Formula

Alkanes

CnH2n+2

Alkenes

CnH2n

Cycloalkane

CnH2n

Cycloalkene

C

Family

CnH2n-2

ISOMERS
Isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula but different formulas
...
Select longest carbon chain
...
Number the double bond with smallest number possible
...
Number the branch(es)
...


The hydroxyl group ( -OH ) gives the characteristic properties to the alcohol
...
g
...




Alkanes and cycloalkanes are saturated; all the carbon bonds are single
covalent bonds
...

When bromine (in solution) is added to an unsaturated hydrocarbon, the
brown colour of the bromine ‘disappears’ i
...
the bromine is immediately
decolourised
...

e
...


3

2

1

CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – OH

1

2

3

CH3 – CH2 – CH3
OH

e
...
Propene with bromine

1
...

2
...

3
...


H

Some alcohols have more than one hydroxyl group
...


H H
C = C-C-H + Br

H

H

HHH
H-C-C-C-H
Br BrH

CH2 – CH – CH2
OH

OH OH

Propan-1 , 2, 3-ol

CARBOXYLIC ACIDS

ESTERS



Ethanoic acid indicates there are 2 carbons from the prefix ‘Eth’
...




The characteristic group that gives the characteristic properties to the
carboxylic acids is the carboxyl group
...


Each member ends in the –anoic with a prefix that indicates the
number of carbon atoms
...






The characteristic acid group must always be at the end of the carbon
chain
...
g
...

O

OH
-C

Branches are named the same way as alcohols
...
g
...

O

O
CH3 – CH2 - C

Alcohol

C – CH2 – CH3

CH3 – CH2 – O

+
O – CH

H2O
Ester: Methyl Propanoate

Acid
Hydrolysis

Alcohol: Ethanol

Acid:

Propanoic Acid

Ester: Ethyl

Ester: Propanoate

O
CH3 – CH2 – C

Name: Ethyl Propanoate

+

HO – CH3

OH
Acid: Propanoic Acid

Alcohol: Methanol

MAKING AND BREAKING ESTERS
e
...


O

This kind of reaction is called a hydrolysis reaction
...

OH

HO – CH3

Acid: Ethanoic Acid

Alcohol: Methanol

USES OF CARBON COMPOUNDS
Uses for Alcohols:

Condensation

Drinking
Fuel

O

Creating esters

CH3 – C

+

H2O

Uses for Acids:

O – CH3

Preservatives

Ester: Methyl Ethanoate
This kind of reaction is called a condensation reaction
...


Vinegar

Neutralization
Uses for Esters:

Sweetners
Flavorings



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