Search for notes by fellow students, in your own course and all over the country.
Browse our notes for titles which look like what you need, you can preview any of the notes via a sample of the contents. After you're happy these are the notes you're after simply pop them into your shopping cart.
Title: Evolution : Descent with Modification
Description: AP Course Notes from Campbells AP Biology book. This is from an AP Biology course taken as a senior in high school. They cover the Historical Process of Science in regard to evolution, Darwin, the key ideas of natural and artificial selection, the evolution of populations, the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, causes of evolution, and all of the different types of selection. These notes are selected directly from the text and it covers chapters 22 and 23. I have had above a 95 in this class all year, so these notes are definitely guaranteed to get you that A!
Description: AP Course Notes from Campbells AP Biology book. This is from an AP Biology course taken as a senior in high school. They cover the Historical Process of Science in regard to evolution, Darwin, the key ideas of natural and artificial selection, the evolution of populations, the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, causes of evolution, and all of the different types of selection. These notes are selected directly from the text and it covers chapters 22 and 23. I have had above a 95 in this class all year, so these notes are definitely guaranteed to get you that A!
Document Preview
Extracts from the notes are below, to see the PDF you'll receive please use the links above
Chapter 22: Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life
Part A:
● individuals do not adapt - it takes multiple generations
● helpful mutations are passed on
Descent with Modification
● passing changed traits from parent to offspring
● based on interactions between populations and their environment which results in
adaptations (inherited characteristics) to increase fitness
● evolution = change over time in the genetic composition of a population
● population = group of organisms that interact, interbreed and produce fertile
offspring
● fitness = the ability to survive
Historical Process of Science
● Aristotle
- life forms arranged on a scale of increasing complexity (scala naturae)
● Old-Testament- Creationism- Earth is appx
...
He
believed organisms had an innate drive to become more complex
● Malthus:
● more babies born than deaths
● consequences of overproducing = overpopulation = war, famine, disease ---
...
Adaptations ENHANCE an organism's ability to survive and reproduce
Ex: Desert FOx has large ears and arctic fox has small ears
2
...
beaks
-longer time
ARTIFICIAL SELECTION
-Man decides
-Selective breeding
-Inbreeding occurs
-eg
...
Direct Observation
2
...
Homology
4
...
DIRECT OBSERVATIONS
- ExAMPLES: Insect populations become resistant to pesticides, Antibiotic-resistant
bacteria (MRSA), Peppered moth (pollution in city vs
...
FOSSIL RECORD -FOSSILS: remains or traces of organisms from past found in
sedimentary rock
3
...
CONVERGENT EVOLUTION - distantly related species are similar in structure and
environment -- torpedo shape of shark, penguin, and dolphin - similar problem in
environment = similar solution
5
...
EX: marine iguanas at the Galapagos
Chapter 23: The Evolution of Populations
● mutation and sexual reproduction each produce genetic variation
● the conditions for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
● How to use the Hardy-Weinberg equation to see allele frequencies
*MICROEVOLUTION- change in allele frequencies of a population over generations
Sources of Genetic Variation
-Point mutation: change in one base (eg
...
Crossing over (Meiosis- Prophase I)
2
...
Random Fertilization (Egg & Sperm)
*Population Genetics: study of how a population changes genetically over time
*Population: a group of individuals that live in the same area, interbreed, and produce
FERTILE offspring as a whole (not EVERY offspring must be fertile)
*Gene Pool: all of the alleles for all genes in all the members of a population
-diploid species: 2 alleles for a gene (homozygous/heterozygous)
*Fixed Allele: all members of a population only have one allele for a particular trait
-The more fixed alleles a species has, the lower a species’ diversity
HARDY-WEINBERG PRINCIPLE
-The allele and genotype frequencies of a population will remain constant from generation
to generation……
...
no mutations
2
...
no natural selection
4
...
no gene flow
If at least ONE condition is NOT met, then the population is EVOLVING
...
Mutations - changes in allele frequencies (point mutation or chromosomal mutation)
2
...
Natural selection- individuals with variations better suited to the environment pass
more alleles to the next generation
2
...
Gene Flow - Movement of fertile individuals between populations to gain or lose alleles
and reduce genetic variation between two populations EX: bees cross pollinate two
populations of flowers and when they produce offspring the two populations become
more alike EX: dwindling variation in humans because of travel
NATURAL SELECTION BRINGING ABOUT CHANGES IN POPULATION
*Fitness- the contribution an individual males to the gene pool of the next generation
Natural Selection can alter frequency distribution of heritable traits in 3 ways:
1
...
Disruptive (DIversifying) Selection:BOTH sides are beneficial - middle guy is no longer
beneficial (population splits in 2 with 2 beneficial alleles) EX: small beaks for small
seeds and large beaks for large seeds
3
Title: Evolution : Descent with Modification
Description: AP Course Notes from Campbells AP Biology book. This is from an AP Biology course taken as a senior in high school. They cover the Historical Process of Science in regard to evolution, Darwin, the key ideas of natural and artificial selection, the evolution of populations, the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, causes of evolution, and all of the different types of selection. These notes are selected directly from the text and it covers chapters 22 and 23. I have had above a 95 in this class all year, so these notes are definitely guaranteed to get you that A!
Description: AP Course Notes from Campbells AP Biology book. This is from an AP Biology course taken as a senior in high school. They cover the Historical Process of Science in regard to evolution, Darwin, the key ideas of natural and artificial selection, the evolution of populations, the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, causes of evolution, and all of the different types of selection. These notes are selected directly from the text and it covers chapters 22 and 23. I have had above a 95 in this class all year, so these notes are definitely guaranteed to get you that A!