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Title: ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE: A study of interrelationship / Chapter 6: Kinds of ecosystems and communities (Part 1 (Successions+Biomes))
Description: ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE: A study of interrelationship / Chapter 6: Kinds of ecosystems and communities Based on Successions and Biomes With tables, diagrams, and all you need to make your mark!
Description: ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE: A study of interrelationship / Chapter 6: Kinds of ecosystems and communities Based on Successions and Biomes With tables, diagrams, and all you need to make your mark!
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Successions & Biomes
Notes by Alberto Alonso based on
‘Environmental Science: Study of Interrelationship / Chaper 6: Kinds of
Ecosystems & Communitites’
Index
Index
Successions
Kinds of Successions
Primary Succession
Terrestrial Primary Succession
The process
1
...
2 Small annual plants, lichens
1
...
4 Climax community
Aquatic Primary Succession
Succession in a ponds & lakes
Shallow
Northern Lakes & Ponds
Secondary Succession
Kins of Secondary Successions
Flooded land by beavers
Modern Concepts of Succession and Climax
Biomes
Biomes’ general characteristics
Kinds of Biomes
Desert
Grassland
Secondary Grassland Succession
Savanna
Mediterranean Shrubland (Chaparral)
Tropical dry forest
Tropical rainforest
Temperate Deciduous Forest
Taiga
Tundra
1
Environmental Science:
Study of Interrelationship
Kinds of Ecosystems and Communities
Successions
What are
Ecosystems
?
«
Ecosystems are dynamic changing units
»
...
● The
climate
has a huge
influence
on them
...
If they aren’t met it will die
...
Why do Successions occur?
Successions occur because the activities of organisms cause changes in the environment
that makes it suitable for other kinds of organisms
...
What is a
Climax Community
?
«
The relatively stable, longlasting community that is the result of succession
»
● The climax community that will result after succession
depends mainly on
the kind of
climate
there is in the area
...
○ Lowering of the sea level
...
Rock
Substrate
Sand
the kind of
soil
Clay
Reproductive structures
Spores
Seeds
the species that will colonize the area
Climate
the species capable of living in the area
the rate of growth
Rate of growth
how quickly organic matter will
accumulate in the soil
...
1 Lichens
What is a
Pioneer Community
?
« Pioneer Community is the collection of organisms, such as spores and other
A
windblown reproductive units, able to establish and survive in an inhospitable
environment at the beginning of succession and the first to colonize a bare surface
»
● One of the first communities in the succession are the lichens
What are Lichens?
«
Lichens are mutualistic relationships between:
➔ Bacteria/Algae:
to carry on photosynthesis
➔ Fungi:
To attach to the rock and retain water»
● The growth and development of lichens is very slow (Dinner plate size = 100 years)
● Lichens = Producers in this ecosystems → There are also tiny consumers
● Lichens release acids → Break down the rock → Store water
→ Produce a very thin layer of soil
1
...
The thin layer of soil made by lichens allows … to establish
a
...
Small worms
c
...
Bacteria
e
...
Tiny annual plants
2
...
It is capable of retaining water
4
...
The lichen community is removed as they do not reach sunlight
1
...
Plants’ size carries on increasing:
a
...
Shrubs
c
...
4 Climax community
7
...
In that case that’s the climax
community
...
g
...
g
...
● Adjacent communities can serve as sources of seeds and animals
● It’s likely the new = the old climax community
Examples of disturbances:
○ Fire
○ Flood (e
...
beavers’)
○ Windstorm
○ Human activity
■ Conversion of the land to agriculture
© Alberto Alonso Mata
7
Environmental Science:
Study of Interrelationship
Kinds of Ecosystems and Communities
Kins of Secondary Successions
Flooded land by beavers
Terrestrial Ecosystem → Aquatic Ecosystem → Area behind the dam: Normal Aquatic
Succession → Terrestrial Ecosystem
Modern Concepts of Succession and Climax
Ecosystems
It was thought «
Ecosystems are the end point or climax of a long journey, beginning
with the formation of soil and its colonization by a variety of plants and other
organisms
»
© Alberto Alonso Mata
8
Environmental Science:
Study of Interrelationship
Kinds of Ecosystems and Communities
Biomes
«
Biomes are terrestrial climax
communities with wide geographic
distribution
»
● There are a few variations inside
each biome depending on the
area
...
) &
Precipitation (Seasonality,
amount
...
The effect of elevation on climate & vegetation
© Alberto Alonso Mata
9
Environmental Science:
Study of Interrelationship
Kinds of Ecosystems and Communities
Biomes’ general characteristics
Precipitation rate
Average temperature
Year (m
m )
Seasonality
Year
Day
250
depends
Great changes
250750
S: hot | W: tecol
Savanna
5001
...
shrubland
4001
...
5002
...
rainforest
Plenty
(+200/500)
uniform
Warm, Constant
Deciduous for
...
000
uniform
Winter/Summer
Taiga
2501000
<250
< 10ºC (Summer)
Desert
Grassland
Tundra
© Alberto Alonso Mata
10
Environmental Science:
Study of Interrelationship
Kinds of Ecosystems and Communities
Kinds of Biomes
Desert
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
Lack of water
Precipitation:
○ Snow / Rain in winter
○ Thundershowers (Infrequent): Not into the ground: into gullies
Some are always hot but some others are cooler
Evaporation rate high → Plant growth & flowering when moisture available
Infrequent cloud cover → No insulating layer → Soil heats up fast = Cools down fast
Many species, few individuals
Organisms specially adapted: Extreme dry conditions = minimal amount of water
○ (e
...
) Plants have small leaves to lose less water, and a thick layer
○ (e
...
) Animals have extremely efficient kidneys
○ (e
...
) Plants may be spiny
Organisms
➔ Cactus
➔ Insects
➔ Lizards
➔ Snakes
➔ Small mammals
➔ Grazing mammals
➔ Carnivorous mammals
➔ Birds
© Alberto Alonso Mata
11
Environmental Science:
Study of Interrelationship
Kinds of Ecosystems and Communities
Deserts of the World
North America
South America
Africa
Asia
Cold deserts
Mojave
Atacama
Sahara
Arabian
Arctic
Sonoran
Patagonian
Kalahari
Gobi
Antarctica
Chihuahuan
Namib
KaraKum
Colorado plateau
Grassland
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
Other names:
Prairies steppes
or
Temperate climates worldwide
Windy climates
Hot summers / Mildcold winters
Little moisture
Fires prevent bigger plants from growing
Grasses = 6090% vegetation
Trees: Watercourses
Grazers = Fertilizers
© Alberto Alonso Mata
12
Environmental Science:
Study of Interrelationship
Kinds of Ecosystems and Communities
●
●
Grazers eat small trees → They don’t grow
Agricultural (e
...
corn and wheat growing) and farming purposes → Wildlife only in
reserves
Organisms
Producers
➔ Grasses
Primary consumers
➔ Large herds
➔ Grazing mammals:
◆ Bison
◆ Wildebeests
◆ Wild horses
◆ Sheeps
◆ Cattle
◆ Goats
➔
➔
➔
➔
➔
➔
➔
➔
Other consumers
Insects
◆ Grasshoppers
◆ Dung beetles
◆ Flies
Mice
Squirrels
Birds
Snakes, lizards
Coyotes
Foxes
Hawks
Secondary Grassland Succession
Actively farmed → Abandoned (Poor soil) → Annual weeds
→ Annual grasses → (Better
soil) Perennial grasses → Flowers & Grasses
● If it has been farmed for too many years, some of the original species may disappear
...
Some drop their leaves
Tropical Dry forest’s Animals = Tropical rainforest’s
Tropical rainforest
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
Near the Equator
Good climate → Quickgrowing plants
Water takes nutrients away + lots of canopy→ Poor soil → Not good farmland
Rainwater dissolves nutrients in the air → Trapped by
Epiphytic plants
(Plants on
plants)
Epiphytic plants
: e
...
Vines, ferns, mosses, orchids
○ They compete for sunlight with the supporting tree
Plants:
○ (Some) Have extensive rootnetworks, associated with fungi, to take nutrients
from dead plants
...
)
➔ Insects
◆ Geese (Migra
Title: ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE: A study of interrelationship / Chapter 6: Kinds of ecosystems and communities (Part 1 (Successions+Biomes))
Description: ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE: A study of interrelationship / Chapter 6: Kinds of ecosystems and communities Based on Successions and Biomes With tables, diagrams, and all you need to make your mark!
Description: ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE: A study of interrelationship / Chapter 6: Kinds of ecosystems and communities Based on Successions and Biomes With tables, diagrams, and all you need to make your mark!