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Title: AP Chemistry Types of Chemical Reactions
Description: -stoichiometry -types of rxns
Description: -stoichiometry -types of rxns
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Pg 127140
➔ Chapter 4: Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry
➔ VOCAB:
◆ aqueous solutions solutions in which water is the solvent or dissolving medium
◆ polar molecule a molecule that has a permanent dipole moment
◆ hydration the interaction between solute particles and water molecules
◆ solubility the amount of a substance that dissolves in a given volume of solvent
at a given temperature
◆ anions negative ions
◆ cations positive ions
◆ electrical conductivity a solution’s ability to conduct an electric current
◆ electrolyte a substance that when dissolved in water produces a solution that
can conduct electricity
◆ standard solution solution whose concentration is accurately known
● 4
...
of H2O
○ solubility of ionic substances in water varies greatly BUT when an
ionic solid does dissolve in water, the ions become hydrated and
are dispersed (move around independently)
◆ depends on relative attractions of the ions for each other
(these forces hold the solid together)
◆ depends on the attractions of the ions for water molecules
(which cause the solid to disperse in water)
○ “Like dissolves like”
◆ water usually dissolves polar and ionic substances
◆ it does dissolve nonionic substances (ex] ethanol)
◆ it does not dissolve fats/oils
● 4
...
3 The Composition of Solutions
○ To perform stoichiometric calculations, we must know:
◆ the nature of the reaction (exact form taken after
dissolution)
◆ the amounts of chemicals (concentrations → molarity)
● molarity (M) moles of solute per volume of
solution
○ Liters of solution x molarity = moles of solute
○ Dilution
◆ when water is added to achieve the desired molarity from a
concentration
◆ moles of solute before dilution = moles of solute after
dilution ([M]olarity 1 [V]olume 1 = M2V2)
◆ Dilution procedure requires:
● pipet device that accurately measures and
transfers a given volume of solution
○ volumetric (transfer) pipet → set values
○ measuring pipet → abstract values
● volumetric flask
4
Title: AP Chemistry Types of Chemical Reactions
Description: -stoichiometry -types of rxns
Description: -stoichiometry -types of rxns