Search for notes by fellow students, in your own course and all over the country.
Browse our notes for titles which look like what you need, you can preview any of the notes via a sample of the contents. After you're happy these are the notes you're after simply pop them into your shopping cart.
Document Preview
Extracts from the notes are below, to see the PDF you'll receive please use the links above
SOLID WASTE - MANAGEMENT
Dr
...
N
...
Satyanarayana
Centre for Oceans, Rivers, Atmosphere and Land Sciences
IIT Kharagpur
What is WASTE
It is a matter for which a specific owner ceases
to have use for it
...
It can be in a solid, liquid or in a gaseous form
...
What Is Solid Waste
Any unwanted or discarded materials resulting
from residential, commercial, agricultural and
household is considered as solid waste
Waste management is the collection, transport ,
processing, recycling or disposal and
monitoring of waste materials
Classification of Solid Waste
•Refuse: garbage rubbish, ashes, dead
animals, industrial waste etc
...
Refuse
Household waste
Street waste
Trade waste
Sources of Solid Waste
All living thing creates waste
In natural systems, trees animals and other
organisms contribute to waste
Human creates waste as they alter natural
system through extraction, processing and
use of natural resources
...
)
Municipal: Street sweeping, sewage treatment
plant waste, waste from school and other
institutions
...
Commercial: From different stores and offices
...
Mining: From coal mining, strip-mining etc
...
Sources of Wastes
Agriculture
Fisheries
Sources of Wastes
Households
Commerce and
Industry
Different Types of Solid Waste
Municipal Solid Waste
Industrial Waste
Hazardous Waste
Hospital Waste
Construction and Demolition Waste
Waste from electrical and electronic
equipment (WEEE)
Agricultural Waste
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)
Municipal solid waste consists of household
waste, construction and demolition debris,
sanitation residue, and waste from streets
...
With rising urbanization and change in lifestyle
there is rapid increase and change in quantity
and quality of municipal solid waste
...
)
In 1947 cities and towns in India generated an
estimated 6 million tones of solid waste; in 1997
it was about 48 million tones
...
MSW (contd
...
In India, some municipal areas have banned the
use of plastics and they seem to have achieved
success
...
Recyclable material: paper, glass, bottles, cans, etc
...
Composite wastes: waste clothing, Tetra Paks, waste
plastics such as toys
...
)
Household wastes that can be categorized as hazardous
waste include old batteries, shoe polish, paint tins, old
medicines, and medicine bottles
...
g
...
In the industrial sector, the major generators of
hazardous waste are the metal, chemical, paper,
pesticide, dye, refining, and rubber goods industries
...
Disposable syringes, swabs, bandages, body fluids, human
excreta, etc
...
In developed countries it equals 1% of total solid waste
generation and is expected to grow to 2% very soon
...
01% to 1% of the total
municipal solid waste generation
...
Electronic Waste (contd
...
The increasing obsolescence rates of electronic
products added to the huge import of junk
electronics from abroad create complex scenario
Obsolescence rate in India for the year 2005 has
been estimated to be 15 thousand tons
...
Solid waste management Objectives
Public hygiene and health
Environmental pollution and contamination
Reuse ,Recovery and Recycle
Energy generation
Sustainable development
Aesthetics
To make world clean
Key issue involved
• Growth in population and increasing garbage
generation
• Waste collection system
• Waste per capita
• Environment
• Proper management
• Scientific processing of the waste material
depending on their nature
• Developing infrastructure for solid waste disposal
and processing developing information collection
and processing system
Solid waste management tree
SOLID WASTE
WASTE MANAGEMENT
THROWAWAY OR
HIGH WASTE
APPROACH
BURYING
BURNING
POLLUTION
PREVENTION
LOW WASTE
APPROACH
3R-PRINCIPLE
EFFECTS OF WASTE
Affects our health
Affects our socio-economic conditions
Affects our coastal and marine environment
Affects our climate
Foul smell
Increase is disease transmitting vectors
Global warming
Eutrophication
Ground water contamination
Solid Waste
Classification of Wastes
Solid waste- vegetable waste, kitchen waste, household
waste etc
...
Liquid waste- water used for different industries e
...
,
tanneries, distillaries, thermal power plants
Plastic waste- plastic bags, bottles, buckets etc
...
Nuclear waste- unused materials from nuclear power
plants
EFFECTS OF WASTE…
Large quantities of solid waste are subjected to uncontrolled,
unscientific and incomplete combustion which in turns results
in release of no
...
Large quantities of chemicals are quickly pushed into drains
rivers causing immense damage to man health and ecology
...
Pollution of ground water which takes place when leachate
from refuse dump enters in to surface or ground water
...
EFFECTS OF WASTE…
Mining solid waste is most dangerous particularly for
the mine workers
...
Bronchitis,
throat blocking, lung cancer, headache diseases etc
...
Solid waste changes the properties of air, soil and
water
...
Solid Waste Treatment
Waste Prevention and Minimisation
Re-use
Recycle
Composting
Land filling
Note:- Collection of solid waste is the 1st part of solid
waste treatment
COLLECTION OF WASTE
Waste collection is the
component of waste
management which results
in the passage of a waste
material from the source of
production to either the
point of treatment final
disposal
...
What should be done
Apply 3-R Principle
Use waste as source of power generation
3-R Principle
REDUCE
The amount of waste generated can be reduce through
our small efforts
Things that last longer, things that can be used more
than once
REUSE
We can reuse many things before we through them
...
RECYCLE
Many items such paper, cans and plastics bottle can be
recycled to use again
...
- Improve product design to use less materials
...
- Work with customers to design and implement a
packaging return program
...
- Purchase products in bulk
...
- Reuse office furniture and supplies, such as inter-office
envelopes, file folders, and paper
...
- Use incoming packaging materials for outgoing shipments
...
Ways to Reuse-
Using durable coffee mugs
...
Refilling bottles
...
Purchasing refillable pens and pencils
Advantages of Reuse
Energy and raw materials savings as replacing many
single use products with one reusable one reduces the
number that need to be manufactured
...
Refurbishment can bring sophisticated, sustainable, well
paid jobs to underdeveloped economies
...
Some older items were better handcrafted and
appreciate in value
...
Some items, such as freon appliances or
infant auto seats, could be hazardous or
less energy efficient as they continue to be
used
...
Prevents emissions of many greenhouse gases and water
pollutants
...
Supplies valuable raw materials to industry
...
Stimulates the development of greener technologies
...
Donate/Exchange
- old books
- old clothes
- old computers
- excess building materials
- old equipment to local organizations
What should be done…
...
- Send out recycling reminders to all employees including
environmental articles
...
- Conduct an ongoing training process as new technologies
are introduced and new employees join the institution
...
5 m width
Turned twice a week
Composting……
Composting process takes about 4 to 6
weeks
Color of mass becomes dark and organic
matter in the solid waste transforms to a
stable humus
Continuous aeration and mixing
Composted solid waste is a good nutrient
and can be used as a manure after
addition of certain conditioners
Composting recycles organic waste
13-49
Benefits of CompostingKeeps organic wastes out of landfills
...
Increases beneficial soil organisms (e
...
, worms
and centipedes)
...
Reduces the need for fertilizers and pesticides
...
Assists pollution remediation
Land filling
Features
Careful and scientific site selection
Controlled dumping
Compaction of waste
Provision for collecting leachates
Land filling…
...
Land occupied by the land fill becomes
unproductive
Insects, rodents, scavenger birds, bad
odor are some of the aesthetic problems
associated with sanitary landfill
Emission of methane and CO2 and
leachate contamination of ground water
and soil are the environmental issues
connected with sanitary landfill
LANDFILLING
Thermal Process
Controlled combustion or conversion by
application of heat
Incineration
Organic matter in the solid waste is burnt in
excess oxygen to produce gaseous products
and a stable incombustible residue
Considerable reduction in the volume of the
waste
Land required for the landfill vastly reduced
Thermal Process…
Residue can be easily and safely disposed
High capital and operation costs, emission
of air pollutants
Air pollutants can be removed by
scrubbers and electrostatic precipitators
Care should be taken to remove polymeric
materials since toxic dioxin is generated
during incineration
Thermal Process……
...
Solid residue will be carbon and inert materials like glass
, metals ,silca etc
...
No odour and dust nuisance
...
Can be located near the city so less
transportation required
...
Disadvantages of thermal process
Costly required lot of technical
knowledge
...
Disposal by dumping in sea
...
Emission of gases from incinerator plant
creates air pollution problems
HAZARDOUS WASTE
MANAGEMENT
In common hazardous waste treatment
facilities, incineration, pyrolysis,
detoxification, neutralization can be carried
out and the waste is further concentrated
stabilized and solidified and ultimately
disposed in a secure landfill
Hazardous waste includes many
dangerous substances
Legally, a hazardous waste is any discarded
material, liquid or solid, that contains substances
known to be:
fatal to humans or laboratory animals in low doses;
toxic, carcinogenic, mutagenic, or teratogenic to
humans or other life-forms;
ignitable with a flash point less than 60°C;
corrosive; or
explosive or highly reactive (undergoes violent
chemical reactions either by itself or when mixed with
other materials)
...
The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
(RCRA, pronounced “rickra”) of 1976
...
Biomedical Waste Management
Biomedical Wsate
Waste from hospital, clinics, research laboratories,
animal husbandry facilities etc
Types of wastes
Human anatomical wastes
Animal wastes
Microbiology and biotechnological wastes (cell cultures,
toxins, vaccines)
Waste sharps (needles, syringes)
Discarded medicines and drugs
Soiled waste (contaminated with blood and body fluids
including cotton dressings)
Treatment /Disposal methods
Incineration
Deep burial
Secured landfilling
Chemical disinfection
Steam sterilization (Auto claving)
Thermal deactivation
Irradiation and microwave treatment
Secured Landfilling
Autoclaving
Steam sterilization is also known as autoclaving
The waste is placed in a sealed chamber and
exposed to steam at a preset temperature and
pressure for a specified time
Processing temp is about 1210C with processing
time of around 12 minutes
There is no volume reduction of waste
Generation of offensive odor and toxic emissions
are also possible
For large volumes of wastes continuous
sterilization units have been developed
Chemical disinfection
Involves treating the medical wastes with liquid chemical
disinfectant
The wastes have to be prepared by grinding them
therefore the chemical disinfectant can penetrate and
disinfect the entire mass
The particle size, porosity and permeability
Will affect the process of disinfection
Thermal deactivation
Involves raising the temp to such a level that all
infectious agents are destroyed
This process is used mainly in treating liquid wastes
which is heated to a preset temperature for a specified
period and then is destroyed
Irradiation is a process by which ultraviolet or ionizing
radiation is used for destroying infectious diseases
...
Collect the domestic waste (eatables, wrappers, fruit peels, papers
etc
...
Don’t dispose infectious waste into black and green bin