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Title: social explanations of group display
Description: summary of psychology notes needed for A-level exams
Description: summary of psychology notes needed for A-level exams
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Social explanations of group Display:
In animals, group display occurs in a specialised pattern which is used for intimidation or to communicate courtship intentions
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Psychologists have argued that group behaviour in humans is similar to that in animals
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The first explanation is the deindividuation theory:
Proposed that we lose our identity when we become part of a large crowd
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Three important factors of deindividuation are:
Anonymity
– knowing we will not be accountable for our actions
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Studies to support this idea:
Deiner –
Trick or treat study –
In groups of young trick or treaters, half were asked for names/addresses whilst the other half of participants were not – when left alone with the instruction to take only one sweet each, was
found children were more likely to take more than one sweet if in a large group where their identities were anonymous
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Evaluation – Natural study – high ecological validity – Large sample size – only used children (age biased) – Is taking more sweets aggressive?
Zimbardo – Prison study ‐
male participants divided into guards and prisoners in a mock prison – guards wore military style uniforms with reflective sunglasses (making eye contact impossible) and carried clubs and
handcuffs, were told to keep control of prisoners any way they deemed fitting – after a short period of time guards became excessively aggressive and violent to participants – guards displayed deindividuation – a lowered
sense of personal identity and acted aggressively
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REFUTING STUDY:
Gergen et al – Darkened room arousal – ale and female participants were told that they are able to interact with others in any way in the study – condition A was a light room, condition B was a pitch dark room
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Evaluation: Provides evidence against deindividuation theory – no aggression displayed – small sample size – low ecological validity (lab study)
EVALUATION OF DEINDIVIDUATION THEORY:
Cannot assume deindividuation is the only cause of group display – many other theories e
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social identity theory
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Found that deindividuation dos not always lead to aggression – darkened room study Gergen
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Many studies are gender biased – only test one gender so cannot be generalised to both genders
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Supports idea that nature (environment) shapes our behaviour
Reductionist as it ignores the influence of biological processes (nature)
Deterministic – suggests that everyone in a group situation will act violent – does not explain why violence does not escalate in peaceful protests
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Believes that people do not lose their identity in a group, but instead assume the shared identity of the group e
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interests and attitudes
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This theory explains behaviour in terms of informational influence (looking towards others for information on how to behave) – norms and self stereotypes are formed after discovering the norms of the group
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The theory explains how people change behaviour according to group membership and the situation they find themselves in
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In other words the person changes behaviour as they change groups
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When social identity was exaggerated, answers on a question of punishing sexual offenders followed a collective view of ‘social science students’ – as they were previously told
that social science students favoured punishment
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Evaluation – Age biased – only used students – questionnaire – self report – socially desirable answers – USA – culture biased
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Milgram and Toch
– analysed race riots in US and showed that many protested reported feeling a real sense of positive social identity with other rioters
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Social identity theory emphasises the dynamic nature of group behaviour – people are not merely copying others behaviour but are actively deciding to join in as a result if a perceived shared identity
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Suggests that collective crowd behaviour is influenced by the shared identity of the crowd – light levels of good humour in policing can play a vital part in mitigating against the ‘them versus us’ idea that many people have
against the police and thus preventing escalating aggression/violence
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Reductionist – neglects the role of biology and other social theories
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Warfare – Group display:
Group display in humans at its most extreme can mean battle and war
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This is contradictory to the survival of the species; therefore from an evolutionary perspective it must be assumed that the benefits of forming coalitions for aggression outweigh the costs
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The reasons for warfare are also evolutionary; to give one group status over another
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Chagnon (1968)
‐ Warfare exists among many modern day tribal societies and on example is the Yanomamo tribe ‐ there is constant fighting between branches of the Yanomamo for access to women or to improve the
status of one tribe over another
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Pinker
– Even in WW2 men fought to secure access to women, more aggressive men win wars, survive and pass genes on to the next generation
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Sporting events evidence:
Maxwell et al(2009)
‐ questioned 144 rugby union players about their aggression in the game
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This behaviour can be explained in evolutionary teams as cheating (and not getting caught) is adaptive
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Evaluation ‐ However there are some weaknesses to this study ‐ use of self reporting is highly problematic ‐ subjective and not reliable
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Unfalsifiable – impossible to prove or disprove
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Ignores influence of Nurture (environment) in developing aggression e
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social
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Many different theories are used to explain group display e
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deindividuation theory, evolutionary theory and
social identity theory – it would be beneficial to consider all three explanations when describing group display as we cannot assume that it is just one theory that describes all incidences of group display
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Title: social explanations of group display
Description: summary of psychology notes needed for A-level exams
Description: summary of psychology notes needed for A-level exams