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UNIT - I
CHAPTER – 1: LIVING WORLD
Biology is the science of life forms and non-living processes
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In order to facilitate the study of kinds and diversity of organisms,
biologists have evolved certain rules and principles for identification, nomenclature and classification of
organisms
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Life is a characteristic that distinguishes objects that have signaling and self-sustaining processes from
those that do not, either because such functions have ceased (death), or else because they lack such
functions and are classified as inanimate
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Characteristics features of Living things / Differences between living and non-living things:
a)
b)
c)
d)

Growth
Reproduction
Metabolism
Response to stimuli

Biodiversity: Range of organisms present on earth (1
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8 million)
Identification: Comparing similarities and differences with already known ones
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The names are unique and universal
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If it is written in Italics when types and underlined when handwritten
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Genus name starts with Capital while species name starts with small letters
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Name of the author is written is an abbreviated form after the species name
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Mangifera
indica Linn
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Example:
Mangifera indica ( Mango)
Homo sapiens ( Human)
Panthera pardus (Leopard)
Felis domestica (Cat)
Classification – Grouping of organisms in to categories based on observable characters
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Systematics - Different kinds of organisms and their relationships Linnaeus – Systema Naturae
(evaolutionary relationships among organisms)
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2
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4
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6
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Species -Panthera leo, Panthera pardus, Panthera tigris
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Taxonomical Aids :
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Botanical garden- NBRI (Lucknow ) & IBG (Howrah )
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Zoological parks
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Key (analytical in nature)
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)
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Flora (habitat & description of plants in a given area )
Taxonomical aids
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These are the procedures and techniques used to store and preserve information as well as
specimens of various plants and animals
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Collected plant specimens are dried, pressed, and preserved on sheets and then arranged
systematically according to the universally accepted system of classification
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of the specimen
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Each plant contains labels indicating their scientific name and family
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Museum
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It is the repository that has a collection of various plant and animal specimens that are
preserved for study and reference
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Zoological parks
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Wild animals are kept in protected environments
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Manuals, monographs, and catalogues are other means of recording descriptions
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Monograph is a detailed and well-documented work on any particular taxon
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CHAPTER 2 - BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION
The process of grouping living organisms into convenient categories based on simple characters
is known as Biological classification
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Two kingdom classification
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(autotrophs, cell wall, do not move)
Animals (heterotrophus, no cell wall, can move)

Linnaeus - plantae & Animalia
Later found two kingdom classification was not sufficient because in that
1
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3
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Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes were grouped together
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No difference between unicellular and multicellular
Simple organisms were placed along with higher organism
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Five kingdom classification
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H Whittaker 1959)
Main criteria for classification:
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3
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5
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2
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4
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Kingdom Monera (bacteria ) – prokaryotic unicellular
Kingdom Protista ( amoeba ) – eukaryotic unicellular
Kingdom Fungi - multicellular eukaryotic
Kingdom Plantae - multicellular eukaryotic
Kingdom Animalia – multicellular eukaryotic

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Kingdom Monera (eg
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1
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Bacillus (rod) 3
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Spirillum (spiral)
Mode of nutrition – autotrophs and heterophs
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Archaebacteria
2
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Mycoplasma
a)Archaebacteria – Harsh habitats  Halophiles (saline) Thermoacidophiles (hot spring), Methanogens
(gut of ruminants)
b)Eubacteria – True bacteria - Rigid cell wall - Motile flagellum
Autotrophic bacteria - Cyanobacteria (BGA) have chlorophyll a unicellular, colonial/ filamentous
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Eg
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Chemosynthetic bacteria – Oxidise nitrates , nitrites and ammonia release energy (ATP) help in
Recycling of nutrients ( eg
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B, diarrhea
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c)Mycoplasma
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Anaerobic – pathogenic in animals and plants
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Kingdom protista
Unicellular – Eukaryotic – aquatic
Flagella / cilia - Reproduce sexually / asexually
a)Chrysophyta :
 Planktons diatoms and golden algae ( desmids )
 Fresh water/ marine
 Microscopic – photosynthetic
 In diatoms , cell wall is indestructible (silica )form diatomaceous earth, its being gritty used for
polishing, fitration of oil and syrups
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Chief producers in oceans
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Dinoflagellates
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2
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Euglena
Fresh water – stagnant water – no cell wall but protein rich layer is present, called pellicle
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Myxotrophs – Mixture of both autotrophs and heterotrophs
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Slime moulds
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4
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Fresh water, sea and moist soil -pseudopodia – marine forms
have silica shells
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Ciliated protozoans – aquatic cilia, cavity gullet eg
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Sporozoans – Spore stage in their life cycle
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3
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Fungi are filamentous with long, slender thread like Hyphae and the net work of hyphae
is known as Mycelium – They can be septate or non septate (aseptate)
Multinucleated cytoplasm (coenocytic hyphae)
Cell wall is chitin
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Asexual reproduction by oospores, ascospores, basidiospores
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1
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Karyogamy and
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2
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4
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Phycomycetes :
 Aquatic decaying wood mycelium is aseptate coenocytic
 asexual reproduction by zoospores (motile ) / aplanospores ( non motile )
 Eg
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2
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 Eg
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Basidiomycetes : (Eg
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Agaricus (mushroom)
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 Only asexual reproduction by conidial spores
 Saprophytes / parasitic / decomposers
 Help in Mineral cycling
 Eg
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There are different groups;
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Algae
Bryophytes
Pteridophytes
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms  Monocotyledons and Dicotyledons

5
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It consists of two subkingdom Invertebrata with 9 Phylum and Phylum Vertebrata (Chordata)
with 5 Classes
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It is made of a outer protein coat and a
centre genetic material (RNA / DNA)
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Virus that infect plants have single stand RNA and those infect animals have either single or double RNA
or double stranded DNA
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Viruses cause disease like
mumps, small pox, herpes, influenza and AIDS
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Viroids
T
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Diener discovered a new infectious agent that was smaller than viruses and caused potato spindle
tuber disease
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Lichens
Symbiotic association between algae and fungi
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Natural classification system – it is based on natural affinities among the organisms in
their external and internal features
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Cytotaxonomy – it is based on cytological information like chromosome number,
structure and behavior
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1
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Habitats – grow in moist soil and wood
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Economic importance:
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2
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3
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4
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Alage is divided into 3 main classes;
a) Chlorophycease – green algae
b) Phaeophyceae – brown algae
c) Rhodophyceae – red algae
a)Chlorophycease (Green algae):
 Colonial / filamentous / unicellular
 Possess chlorophyll a & b
 Stored with proteins / starch
 Some store oil forms
 Cell wall is rigid and made of inner cellulose and outer pectose
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 Food is stored as carbohydrates in the form of Laminarin / Mannitol
 They have cellulose wass with gelatinous coating of algin
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Examples :- Laminaria, Srgassum, Ectocarpus, Dictyota, Fucus
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 They are marine
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 Vegetative reproduction is by fragmentation
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 Sexually by non-motile gametes
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II
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 It is known as “amphibians of plant kingdom”
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 Plant body lacks true roots, stem, leaves, they are attached to the substratum by
unicellular / multicellular Rhizoids
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 The male sex organ is Antheridium (antherozoids)
 The female sex organ is Archegonium (single egg)
 Antherozoids are released in water come into contact with Archegonium to form
Zygote
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 Sphagnum species (mosses) provide peat, used as a fuel
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 Mosses and Lichens form Pioneer community on bare rocks
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Classes: - There are two classes  Liverworts, Mosses
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 Plant body is Thalloid, have a tiny leaf structures
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 Sexual reproduction  form male & female sex organs sporophyte is differentiated into
a foot, setae and capsule
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Example :- Marchantia
b)Mosses :
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Gametophyte shows two stages  Protonema (spores) and Leafy stage (Secondary
protonema)
Attached to the soil by Rhizoids
Vegetative reproduction is by fragmentation / budding
Sexual reproduction is by antheridia and archegonia
Zygote develops into sporophyte and form capsule and it contains spores (haploid)

Example : - Sphagnum, Funaria
III
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They grow in cool, damp, shady places
Possess vascular tissues (xylem and phloem)
Main plant body is Sporophytes
The body is differentiated into true roots, stem and leaves
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Leaves may be small (microphylls – selaginella) or large (macrophylls – ferns) and bear sporangia
and form sporophylls (leaf carrying spores)
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Spore germinates to form gametophyte, called Prothallus
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Gametophyte bear male & female sex organs called Antheridia and Archaegonia respectively
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Zygote develops into sporophytes (dominant phase)
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Selaginella produce two kinds of spores, Macro and micro spores, hence known as
Heterosporous
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Female gametophyte retained on sporophyte
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Classes: - There are four classes in Pteridophtae;
a)
b)
c)
d)

Psilopsida – Ex
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Selaginella
Sphenopsida – Ex
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Pteris

IV
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The ovules are not enclosed in an ovary, so no fruits
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Fertilization results in Zygote and embryo develops
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Gymnosperms show diplontic life cycle
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Examples ; - Pinus, Cycas, Cedrus

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ANGIOSPERMS (flowering plants)
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They are flowering plants
Seeds are covered by fruits – live in wide range of habitats
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Provide food, fodder, fuel and medicine
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Male sex organ is Stamen and female is Pistil
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Polar nuclei fuses to form secondary polar nucleus
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Due to two fusions, it is called Double fertilization
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CHAPTER – 4 : ANIMAL KINGDOM
Levels of organization :
1
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3
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5
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Body symmetry
Nature of coelom ( cavity )
Body plan
Pattern of development
Segmentation of the body
Presence/absence of notochord

1
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(hydra )
2
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Sponges
 Symmetrical  Bilatral symmetry (Annelids and Arthropods) and Radial symmetry
(Ctenophora, Coelenterate and Echinoderms)
3
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Annelids, Molluscs,
Arthropods, Echinoderms, hemichordates and chordates
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Aschelminthes (round worms)
 Acoclomate – no body cavity - Ex
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Body plan
 Cell aggregate plan
 Blind sac body plan
5
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Segmentation- Metameric segmentation – true segmentation(metamerism) – Ex
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Notochord
 It is a mesodermal origin – rod like structure – animals with notochord is chordates and without
that are non-chordates
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CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS:
1
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Sponges
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 Reproduce asexually by fragmentation
 Sexually by gametes
 Fragmentation is internal and development is indirect
Eg
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2
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Hydra
 Aquatic / marine
 Sessile (fixed ) / free swimming
 Radially symmetrical
 Have cnidoblasts / cnidocytes, stinging capsule on tentacles
 Used for defense, anchorage and to capture the prey
 Tissue level of organization diploblastic
 Mouth on hypostome
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 Exhibit 2 basic forms called polyp and medusa
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Ex
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- Hydra, Physalia, Sea anemone, Sea pen, Sea fan, Brain coral
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Phylum - Ctenophora ( sea walnuts/comb jellies )
 Marine , radially symmetrical diploblastic
 Tissue level of organization
 Body bears 8 rows ciliated comb plates help in locomotion
 Digestion by intra and extra cellular
 Bioluminescence is well developed
 Sexes are not separate (monoecious)
 Reproduce by sexual reproduction
 Fertilization is external and indirect development
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- Pleurobrachia and ctenoplana
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Phylum – Platyhelminthes ( flat worms )
 Dorso-ventrally flattened body
 Endoparasites, bilaterally symmetrical
 Organ level of organization
 Triploblastic - acoclomate
 Hooks and suckers are present
 Flame cells for excretions
 Sexes are not separate - fertilization is internal and development is through many larval stages
 Have high regeneration capacity
Ex
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Phylum - Aschelminthes (round worms )
 Free living, aquatic, terrestrial parasitic
 Organ system level of body organization
 Bilaterally symmetrical and triploblastic
 Pseudocoelomate
 Digestive system is complete (mouth and anus)
 Sexes are separate (dioecious )
 Fertilization is internal and development is direct
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Ascaris, Wuchereria ( filarial worm ) and Ancylostoma (hookworm)
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Nereis, Pheretima ( earth worm ) and Hirudinaria ( blood sucking leech )
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Segmented and coelomate
Chitinous exoskeleton
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Have jointed appendages( organs for locomotion ) respiratory organs are gills/book gills/Book
lungs / tracheal system
Open circulatory system
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Excretion by malpighian tubules
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Mosquito, Housefly
- Aquatic –crab, prawn, lobster

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Oyster, snail, squid, devil fish
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Starfish, sea urchin, sea lily, sea cucumber

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Balanoglossus
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Notochord present
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Gills are present
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Tail is present

Non chordates
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Central nervous system is ventral, solid and double
3
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Heart is dorsal
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Ascidia, salpa
Cephalochordate – notochord extends from head to tail eg
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Subphylum – Vertebrata:
 Possess notochord (replaced by vertebral column)
 All vertebrates are chordates but not all chordates are vertebrates (all vertebrates have
vertebral column, but all chordates do not have vertebral chord)
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Ventral muscular heart
Excretion by kidneys
Fins / limbs for locomotion

a)Super class – Agnatha (without jaw)
Class – Cyclostomata
 Ectoparasites on some fishes
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Lamprey, Hagfish
b)Super class - Gnathostomata (with jaw)
 Jaws are present
 Paired lateral appendages
There are six classes:
Class – Chondrichthyes:
 Cartilage fish, endoskeleton is cartilage
 Body is stream lined
 Pelvic fins in male with claspers
 5-7 pairs of gills
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 Jaws are powerful
 Air bladder is absent
 Heart is 2 chambered ( I auricle and one ventricle )
 Some possess electric /poison stings
 Poikilothermous (cold blooded)
 Body has placoid scales
 Unisexual
 Viviparous and fertilization is internal
Eg
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Class – Osteichthyes - boney fish
 Endoskeleton is bone
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 Four pairs of gill slits with operculum, mouth is terminal, air bladder is present and help
in buoyancy
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Heart is two chambered ( I auricle and I ventricle )
Poikilotherms ( cold blooded )
Sexes are separate ,fertilization is external and oviparous
Ex
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Class – Amphibia - dual life
 Live on land and move to water for breeding
 Body has head and trunk
 Tail is in larval stage – two paires of limbs
 Digits without claws
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 Digestive system
 Urinary tract and reproductive tract open in to a common cloacal chambers and the
 Opening is called cloacal aperture
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Toad, Frog
Class – Reptilia
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Skin is dry without glands
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Heart with three and half chambered (two auricle, one which is incompletely partitioned
ventricle)
Only Crocodiles have four chambered heart
Respiration is by lungs
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Oviparous and egg is covered by hard calcareoue shells
Ex
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Voice box called syrinx is present
Respiration is by lungs
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Bones are pneumatic bones (air cavities) helps to make the body light
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Fertilization is internal
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Pigeon, Crow, Sparrow, Ostrich
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Body has hair
Excretion is by kidneys (ureotelic – urea)
Sexes are separate
Viviparous (give birth young ones)
Few are ovoviviiparous – egg laying mammals (Platypus)
Few are marsupials – pouched mammals with brood pouches (Kangaroo)
Ex
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