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Chapter 01 – MATTER AND ENERGY: An Atomic Perspective



Define Automism?



1
...

























1


** In this chapter – Explore how the properties of substances are
linked to their atomic-level structure**

AUTOMISM:
A belief that all forms of matter are composed of extremely tiny,
indestructible building blocks called atoms
...
1 – STATE OF MATTER

I) MATTER:
A
...

The property that defines the quantity of matter n
an object

III) CHEMISTRY:
A
...


IV) Matter exists in 3 phases (physical states)
A
...
Has a definite volume and shape




→ Molecules in this array may vibrate a little
depending on their temp
...
(Crystalline pattern)




















































Chapter 01 – MATTER AND ENERGY: An Atomic Perspective
2




B
...
Has a definite volume but not a definite shape
...


C
...
Still in
close proximity to each other, but their nearest
neighbors change over time
...
Has neither a definite volume or shape
...

2
...





3



→ Molecules are widely separated and have
much more freedom of motion
...


V) ATOM:
A
...


VI) ATOMIC THEORY:
A
...


VII) MOLECULES:
A
...

A force that holds two atoms in a molecule or a
compound together
...





Chapter 01 – MATTER AND ENERGY: An Atomic Perspective
4


A
...
Transformation of a solid directly into a vapor
Define Sublimation?
(gas)



B
...
Transformation of a vapor (gas) directly into a

solid
...
Over

time, the dry ice disappears as solid
X) CONCEPT TEST:
CO2 turns into CO2 gas
...

Sublimation
change in physical state?



B: What is the name of the
B
...
2 – FORMS OF ENERGY
1
...

by what?


A
...
Upward-pointing arrow (↑)

a
...
the addition of

energy

2
...

Represents the release of energy
...

The ability to do work


Define work?
III) WORK (w):

A
...


B
...


C
...

doing it is one of the processes by which energy is

transferred


Define Heat?
IV) HEAT:

A
...


B
...



Define thermal energy?
V) THERMAL ENERGY:

A
...
increases
...

The conversion of one or more substances into one

or more different substance
...

EXAMPLE:

1
...

The energy stored in an object b/c of its position or

composition
...

EXAMPLE:

1
...

The energy of an object in motion due to its mass

(m) and its speed (u)
%

B
...

EXAMPLE:
energy?
1
...




IX) THE LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY:
Define the law of conservation of
A
...



At the molecular level, particles of
X) At the molecular level, particles of matter can have
matter can have significant energies
significant energies depending on their temperature and
depending on what two factors?
physical state
...

Increases by a factor of 4
what factor does its kinetic energy
1
...
3 – CLASSES OF MATTER
1
...



Define pure substance?
II) PURE SUBSTANCE:

A
...


B
...



Define physical process?
III) PHYSICAL PROCESS:

A
...


B
...



What are the two groups pure
IV) Pure substance is subdivided into two groups:
substances are divided into?


A
...
A pure substance that cannot be separated into

simpler substances by any chemical process
...
The basic building blocks of matter



B
...
A pure substance that is composed of two or

more elements linked together in fixed

proportions and that can be broken down into

those elements by some chemical process
...




A
...
A notation for representing the elemental

composition of a pure substance using the

symbols of the elements; subscripts indicate the

relative number of atoms of each element in

the substance
...
EXAMPLE:

a
...
Reflects the fact that its

molecules contain two atoms of

hydrogen and one of oxygen
...

The principle that all samples of a particular

compound always contain the same elements

combined in the same proportions
...

A combination of pure substances in variable

proportions in which the individual substances

retain their chemical identities and can be separated

from one another by a physical process
...

Composed of two or more pure substances

C
...

A mixture in which the components are distributed

uniformly throughout and have no visible

boundaries or regions
...

Aka: SOLUTIONS
Define solution?
1
...


2
...










Chapter 01 – MATTER AND ENERGY: An Atomic Perspective
8


IX) HETEROGENOUS MIXTURE:
What is a heterogeneous mixture?
A
...


B
...
IMMISCIBLE LIQUIDS:
Define immiscible liquids?
a
...















































What is the basic property in which
X) The substances in mixture can be separated from one
substances in a mixture be
another based on differences in their physical properties
...

DISTILLATION:

1
...


2
...










Chapter 01 – MATTER AND ENERGY: An Atomic Perspective
9




3
...

a measure of how readily a substance

vaporizes
...

Is inversely proportional to the

strength of the interactions between

the particles of a substance

i
...




B
...
A process for separating solid particles from a

liquid or gaseous sample by passing the sample

through a porous material that retains the solid

particles
...
Useful technique for removing particles that are

suspended in gases as well as liquids
...

CHROMATOGRAPHY:
Define chromatography?
1
...


a
...


b
...



































CONCEPT TEST
XII) CONCEPT TEST:


A) A compound with the
A
...
As NO travels

through the car’s exhaust

system, some of it

decomposes into nitrogen

and oxygen gas
...




B) Which physical process –

distillation, filtration, or

chromatography – would

you use to perform each of
a
...
Removing particles of
rust from drinking
b
...
Separating the

different coloring

agents in a sample of
c
...
Separating volatile

compounds normally
found in natural gas
that have dissolved

in a sample of crude
oil
...
4 – PROPERTIES OF MATTER
1
...

A property that is independent of the amount of

substance present
...

EXAMPLE:

1
...
mp, bp, malleability


Define extensive property?
II) EXTENSIVE PROPERTY:

A
...


B
...
Length, width, mass, vol
...

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES:

1
...


2
...

DENSITY (d):

i
...
𝑑 =

...

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES:

1
...


2
...

Whether or not a particular element

reacts with another element or with a

particular compound
...

How rapidly the reactions take place

and what products are formed
...


A
...
Water is liquid at rm
...
whereas H and O

are gases
...


a sample of pure iron are
a
...

its density
a
...

its volume
b
...

its hardness
c
...
Its hardness



B) Which of the following
B
...
Gold reacts with a
a
...
Gold melts at 1064 C
b
...
Gold can be

hammered into
c
...
Gold can be
d
...






1
...
5 – ATOMIC THEORY: THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD IN ACTION
SCIENTIFIC METHOD IN ACTION

I) LAWS AND THEORIES


Define scientific method?
A
...
An approach to acquiring knowledge based on:

a
...

development of a testable

hypothesis,



Chapter 01 – MATTER AND ENERGY: An Atomic Perspective
13


c
...



Define scientific law?
B
...
A concise and generally applicable statement of

a fundamental scientific principle
...
EXAMPLE:

a
...
1st articulated by French chemist

Joseph Louis Proust

ii
...
equivalent to the law of

constant composition
...

SCIENTIFIC THEORY:

1
...



How is scientific laws and theories
D
...
Scientific laws describe natural phenomena and

relationships; scientific theories explain why

phenomena happen or why relationships are

true
...

HYPOTHESIS:

1
...


2
...

It can be tested through additional

observations and experiments
...

Enables scientists to accurately

predict the results of future

experiments and observations
...

LAW OF MULTIPLE PROPORTIONS:
proportions?
1
...


2
...

15g of O may combine with 10g of S

or under diff
...
Conditions, only

10g of O may combine with 10g of S



Chapter 01 – MATTER AND ENERGY: An Atomic Perspective
%/0 1
3
i
...
6 – A MOLECULAR VIEW

What are some pure elements that
exist as molecules?


Define molecular formula?







Define structural formula?





























%20 1

14


&

ii
...
6 – A MOLECULAR VIEW

I) Some pure elements exist as molecules
...

H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2

II) MOLECULAR FORMULA:
A
...

B
...
Acetone: C3H6O
2
...

A representation of a molecule that uses short lines
between the symbols of elements to show chemical
bonds between atoms
...

EXAMPLES:
1
...
Acetic acid:







IV) Sometimes structures are represented using condensed
structural formulas









Chapter 01 – MATTER AND ENERGY: An Atomic Perspective
15


V) Ball-and-stick models provide 3D view of molecules
...

Balls = atoms

B
...

More accurately show us how the atoms are

arranged in a molecule and its overall 3D shape
...

Sometimes hard to see atoms and angles between

the bonds














CONCEPT TEST:
VII) CONCEPT TEST:





CH3OH






Space filling model of methanol

(methyl alcohol, wood alcohol)

What is its molecular formula?





1
...
7 – COAST: A FRAMEWORK FOR SOLVING PROBLEMS
SOLVING PROBLEMS


VIII) COAST stands for:
What does the acronym COAST
Collect and
stand for?
Organize

Analyze

Solve and

Think about the answer













Chapter 01 – MATTER AND ENERGY: An Atomic Perspective
16


IX) COLLECT AND ORGANIZE
What are the steps in collect and
A
...

Identify and define the key terms used to express

that concept
...

Sort through the info
...

Assemble any supplemental info
...
, def
...

Determine how to relate info
...


B
...


C
...
to solve for unknown or

setting up conversion factors
...

Drawing a sketch

E
...

Conceptual Qs -> soln
...

Quantitative Qs -> insert the starting values and

appropriate constants into the relevant eq
...
answer
...

Make sure units are consistent and cancel as

needed, sig
...




XII) THINK ABOUT IT
What questions should you ask
A
...

Is the value reasonable?

C
...
figs

appropriate?



XIII) What, How, Why


1
...
8 – MAKING MEASUREMENTS AND EXPRESSING THE RESULTS
AND EXPRESSING THE RESULTS

I) METER (M)
Define meter?
A
...

Named after the Greek metron = “measure”

C
...
37 inches
...

The SI unit of energy, equivalent to 1 kg(m/s)2









Chapter 01 – MATTER AND ENERGY: An Atomic Perspective


Commonly used prefixes for SI

units:



















































SI Based units:








































17




Chapter 01 – MATTER AND ENERGY: An Atomic Perspective
18



Conversion factors for SI

And other commonly

Used units:




































III) PRECISION & ACCURACY


Precision and accuracy are widely
A
...



Define precision?
1
...

The extent to which repeated

measurements of the same variable

agree
...

Indicates how repeatable a

measurement is


Define accuracy?
2
...

Agreement between an experimental

value and the true value

b
...


c
...


material is considered accurate
...

SIGNIFICANT FIGURES:

1
...
The greater the number of



Chapter 01 – MATTER AND ENERGY: An Atomic Perspective
19


significant figures, the greater the certainty

with which the value is known
...

Consider an experimental result:

1
...
0810g
...
figs?

a
...
therefore there are only 3 sig
...


i
...
0001g
...

Guideline to help handle zeros in deciding the
zeros in deciding the number of sig
...
figs
...
In a value?


1
...
0592,

are never significant
...
Zeros after a decimal point and after a non-zero

digit, as in 3
...
Zeros at the end of a value that contains no

decimal point, as in 96,500 , may or may not be

significant
...

They may be there only to set the

decimal place

b
...
9
...
figs and that the

terminal zeros are there only to

set the decimal place
...
Zero between nonzero digits, as in 101
...



CONCEPT TEST:
V) CONCEPT TEST:
How many significant figures are

there in the values



a
...
0592
a
...
3
...

3
c
...
3
c
...

Significant figure rules should be used only at the
be applied?
end of a calculation, never on intermediate results
...
72g and
B
...
72g and its volume is
its volume is 0
...
What is the
0
...
What is the density of the nugget,
density of the nugget, expressed in
expressed in the appropriate number of sig
...
5& 0
0
the appropriate number of sig
...
𝑑 = =
= 18
...

2
...
need to invoke the weak-link principle

a
...
fig
...

calculations involving multiplication
b
...
involving x or ÷
or division?
i
...
figs
...

∴ final answer can’t have more than 2

sig
...

What is the rule of thumb when
C
...
> 5, round up

2
...

In general when measured numbers are + or –
What is the general rule in sig
...

1
...



CONCEPT TEST:
VII) CONCEPT TEST:
Does our measured density value

prove that the nugget is pure gold
The measured density value only fails to prove that the
or does it only fail to prove that the
nugget is not gold
...
Other properties must be
difference between these two
analyzed to further determine if the nugget is in fact pure
conclusions, and explain why you
gold
...






An adventurous thru-hiker begins

hiking the Appalachian Trial at its

southern terminus at Springer Mt
...
Katahdin, Maine at 4:47 PM on

August 28
...


&%5/ -CDEF
H2 -CI
&+ MN
-CDEF
a: What is the hiker’s avg
...
6959

&%&,&H5 -CIJKEF
% MN
% OPQ
OPQ
speed in miles/day?
= 14
...
figs
...
speed: the actual

distance hiked or the time

that it took?


VIII) Sample Exercise 1
...
1:
A
...
Calc
...
5271 g to 49 other
weighed to the nearest 0
...
0001
124
...
What is the combined
g
...
Follow the weak-link rule:

a
...




B
...
Summing 2 values

2
...

Solve

124
...
5271 g

126
...
54 g



D
...
We can know the value of the sum to only the

nearest 0
...
5371 to

126
...


2
...
density:
ball cannot weigh more than 45
...
267
+
...
6786
cm in diameter
...
97 𝑔

𝑑 = =
= 1
...
density of a golf
𝑉
40
...
130 g/cm3
appropriate number of significant

figures?
B: yes, such a golf ball is more dense than water
...
2 – Distinguishing Exact From Uncertain
Sample Exercise 1
...

Collect and Organize
Monument in Washington, DC are
1
...
The monument is made

of 36,941 white marble
B
...

1
...
The monument is 169 m
counted? Exact values can be counted
...
There are 893 stair steps
C
...
Quantities we can count (exact numbers):
d
...

# of marble blocks (a)
aluminum apex is 2
...

# of stairs (c)
e
...
Quantities based on measurements of length,
foundation is 1487 m
mass, and area are not exact
...

Think About It

1
...






Practice Exercise:
Practice Exercise:

Which of the following statistics

associated with the Golden Gate

Bridge in San Francisco, CA, are

exact numbers and which have

some inherent uncertainty?
a
...
The roadway is six lanes

wide
b
...
The width of the bridge

is 27
...

not exact number
c
...
808 x 10 kg
d
...
The length of the bridge

is 2740 m



Chapter 01 – MATTER AND ENERGY: An Atomic Perspective
23

e
...

exact number
traveling south is $6
...
9 – UNIT CONVERSIONS AND
1
...

Fraction in which the numerator is equivalent to the

denominator but is expressed in different units,

making the fraction equivalent to 1
...
3 – Converting Units
Sample Exercise 1
...
Its mass is 545
...
What is
- Know 1 carat = 200 mg
the mass of this diamond in grams?
Analyze:

- Need 2 conversion factors:

1
...
Converting mg to g

Solve:

- Multiply the initial mass by the two

conversion factors
...
67 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑠 𝑥
𝑥
= 109
...
The Golden Jubilee

Diamond is a really massive diamond
...

324 m (total height)
tall, including a 24 m television
% db
...
324 𝑘𝑚
antanna that was not there when
%222 %22 `the tower was built in 1889
...

324 𝑚 𝑥
= 3
...
4 – Converting Customary U
...
4:
units I
The summit of Mount Washington

in New Hampshire is famous for its
Collect and Organize:
awful weather: it experiences
- Wind speed is expressed initially in miles per
hurricane-force winds an average of
hr
...

110days per yr
...
to sec
...
What is the
- 1 km = 0
...


Analyze:

- Conversion factors:
% d%2b % MN

,
,

2
...
H&%+ -C
% d3H22 F

Think About It:

Each conversion factor is an exact number
...
fig
...
figs
...



Practice Exercise:
Practice Exercise:
The average distance from Earth to

the moon is 238,857 miles
...
What is this distance in
a
...
H&%+ -C
km?
= 384385
...
On avg, how much time
= 384385 𝑘𝑚
does it take moonlight

(reflected sunlight) to
% d%222 b
...
H&%+ -C
% dtravel from the moon to
Earth? The speed of light
= 384385259
...
998 𝑥 10g 𝑚/ 𝑠
in space is 2
...
282 𝑠
m/s
...
5 – Converting Customary U
...
Units and SI
Sample Exercise 1
...
vol
...
The
administered twice each day to provide a
pediatrician decided that a
daily dose of 75 mg/kg patient
...

mg/mL)
The drug is to be administered twice
- 1 lb = 0
...

each day in the form of a flavored



Chapter 01 – MATTER AND ENERGY: An Atomic Perspective
25

liquid that contains 125 mg of
Analyze:
amoxicillin per mL of liquid
...
453592 𝑘𝑔 75 𝑚𝑔
1 𝑚𝐿
1 𝑑𝑎𝑦
each dose?
,
,
,


1 𝑙𝑏
𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝑑𝑎𝑦 125 𝑚𝑔 2 𝑑𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑠

Solve:


0
...
8 𝑚𝐿/𝑑𝑜𝑠𝑒

Think About It:

Rounded the result to 2 sig
...
b/c that is the number

of sig
...
and the therapeutic daily

dose
...

Per drink = 1
...
10 = 1
...
22
It is on sale at Store A for $1
...
388 𝑥 2 𝑙 = 28
...
8 𝑙
%
...
99 (plus a
Per purchase = 2
...
5 x 12) = 8
...
At which
20
...
2246 𝑥 12 𝑓𝑙
...
6963 𝑓𝑙
...
99
favorite soft drink for no more than
29
...
6963 𝑓𝑙
...
789 𝑙
$20? (There are 29
...
𝑜𝑧
1000 𝑚𝐿
U
...
Fluid ounce, which is a unit of
The Student can buy the most of her favorite soft
volume, mot mass)
...
10 – TEMPERATURE SCALES
1
...

Zero point on Kelvin temperature scale;

theoretically the lowest temperature possible
...
from Fahrenheit into Celsius?
degree size
5

𝑇 ℃ ) = 𝑇 ℉ ) − 32]

9


VIII) KELVIN (K):
Define Kelvin?
A
...

The conversion from Celsius temp
...
15
temp from Celsius to Kelvin?









Chapter 01 – MATTER AND ENERGY: An Atomic Perspective
27

Sample Exercise 1
...
6 – Temperature Conversions
The temperature of interstellar

space is 2
...
What is this
Collect and Organize:
temperature on the Celsius scale
- Convert a temp
...
15

𝑇 ℃ ) = 𝑇 𝐾 ) − 273
...
73 − 273
...
42℃

To convert ℃ to ℉:

5

𝑇 ℃ ) = [𝑇 ℉ − 32]
9

To solve for ℉
...
42 ) + 32
5
5

= −454
...
figs
...
42℃




Practice Exercise:
Practice Exercise:
The temperature of the moon’s

surface varies from -233℃ at night
−233℃ + 273
...
What are
123℃ + 273

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