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Title: Introduction to Microbiology
Description: Test review of basic Microbiology, parts of the microscope, people who contributed to microbiology, cells, and stianing
Description: Test review of basic Microbiology, parts of the microscope, people who contributed to microbiology, cells, and stianing
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Microbiology Test Review #1
Chapter 1: Introduction
● ubiquitous everywhere
● Sterile complete absence of microbes
● microbiology applied
○ veterinary, agricultural, epidemiology (how disease spread), immunology
● Archaea icroorganisms that are similar to bacteria in size and simplicity of
m
structure but radically different in molecular organization
● History
○ Spontaneous generation (abiogenesis) things grew out of other things
that had nothing to do with it
○ Biogenesis things arise from other things in the same species
● People in history
○ Van Leeuwenhoek (father of microscopy)
○ Louis Pasteur (Pasteurization *Father of Microbiology*)
○ Francesco Redi (worked to prove biogenesis)
○ Louis Javelot
○ Linnaeus (Binomial Nomenclature)
○ Lister (Handwashing)
○ Ignaz Semmelweis (crosscontamination)
○ Koch (diseases attributed to certain microbes) *anthrax
○ Hans Christian Gram (Gram Stain)
● Binomial Nomenclature Genus species (made by Linnaeus)
● Immunocompromised more likely to get an infection
○ HIV/ AIDS patients
○ Oncology patients
○ Transplant patients
○ patients with chronic diseases
■ alcoholism
■ diabetes
■ lupus
○ Elderly & very young
○ PostSurgical patients
● 6 Steps in Identifying an Infection
○ Specimen collections
○ inoculation
○ incubation
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
○ examination and identification
○ susceptibility testing
○ reporting
Morbidity incidence of disease
○ Ex
...
Rabies
■ 100% chance of death without treatment
How we battle pathogens
○ Immune system
○ Antibiotics
○ Healthy Lifestyle
■ healthy diet
■ good health choices
■ exercise
Bacteria
○ prokaryotes
Fungi
○ eukaryotes
○ yeasts and molds
Virus
○ acellular
Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes
○ P
■ no nuclei
■ no organelles
■ binary fission
○ E
■ spores/ mate for reproduction
■ nucleus
Emerging diseases
○ Zika Virus
○ Ebola
○ West Nile Virus (Birds)
○ MRSA (methicillin resistant staph aureus)
○ EV68 (respiratory virus)
Chapter 3
● know parts of the microscope
● 2 main microscopes
○ light uses light what we use
○ electron uses electrons
■ transmission electron microscopy (specimen has to be sliced)
*TEM*
■ scanning electron microscopy (looking at the outside of specimen)
*SEM*
● Staining
○ Simple Stain
■ ex metaline blue
○ Differential Stains
■ ex gram stain
● Gram +
● Gram
■ acid fast stain
● Mycobacterium will stain red
● any other organism will stain gray/blue
○ Special Stains
■ Will stain a certain part of a specimen
■ Capsule stain tell whether an organism has a capsule
■ Spore stain
○ Positive stain
■ Stain organism
○ Negative stain
■ stain background
● Media
○ Agar/broth
○ solid/ liquid/ semisolid (3 physical forms of media)
○ encourages microbial growth
○ what is the purpose of media
■ general media cheap and easy to work with & most organisms will
grow on it
■ enriched media allow everything to grow
...
antibiotic resistance
○ outside of cell envelope
■ cell wall
● shape and support
● determines whether an organism will be gram positive or
negative
● LIPIDS fats (gram negative)
● Thick layer of peptidoglycan (gram positive)
■ plasma membrane
● flexible
● selective permeability
■ cytoplasm
● chemical reactions occur here
● find DNA nucleoid
● contains ribosomes
○ synthesizes proteins enzyme production
● actin fibers
○ precursors to a skeleton
● Shape
○ Rods bacillus
■ pleomorphic (many shapes)
○ Spherical coccus
○ Spiral spirillum, vibrio, spirochetes
○ Pairs diplococci
○ Clusters staphylococci
○ Chains streptococci
● Growth Cycle
○ Vegetative Cycle occurs when all conditions are good
■ binary fission
○ Sporulation Cycle endospore formation
■ Last thousands of year
○ Germination Cycle return to vegetative state
● Gram Stain
○ 4 Steps
■ Crystal Violet primary stain (60 sec)
■ Iodine Mordant (60 sec)
■ Ethanol Decolorizer (30 sec)
■ Safranin Counterstain (60 sec)
○ look at it and describe it
○ microscopic description
■ color
■ shape
■ size
■ arrangement
○ after incubation
■ describe colonies
■ macroscopic description
Chapter 6
● Microbial Growth
● 6 factors
○ nutrients (CHONPS) *elements* most important
○ temperature
■ 3 basic categories of microorganisms
● psychrophiles cold lovers
● thermophiles love heat
● hyperthermophiles love extreme heat
● mesophiles clinical pathogens *middle temp lovers*
■ Cardinal Temperature
● minimum temperature lowest temperature in which it will
survive
● optimum growth temperature at which any organism will be
able to carry out life sustaining metabolism
● maximum growth temperature highest temperature in which
organisms can live (heat can denature proteins and messes
up
○ Important Temperature
■ Freezing
■ Refrigeration
■ Room Temp
■ Body Temp
■ Boiling
○ heterotroph/ autotroph
■ H organism that relies on other organisms for carbon
■ A can make carbon out of its own CO2
● Active Transport and Passive Transport
○ AT= energy required
■ endocytosis (brought into cell)
■ phagocytosis (solid)
■ pinocytosis (liquid)
■ exocytosis (pushed out of cell)
○ PT= no energy
■ diffusion
■ osmosis
● Pressure
○ Isotonic ideal pressure
● Binary fission
○ double themselves
○ time it takes for the cell to enlarge and turn into two
■ generation time or doubling time
○ population
■ 4 phases
● Lag phase preparing for growth
● Log phase increase in population
● Stationary phase period of equilibrium, balance of death
and growth
○ metabolism is building up acid
● Death phase population is decreasing
○ pH drops
○ no more division
● Relationships
○ Symbiotic close nutritional relationship
■ Mutualism both need each other
■ Commensalism organism needs host and host is not affected
■ Parasitism parasite needs the host and the host is harmed
○ Non Symbiotic relationships
■ synergistic
■ antagonistic
Chapter 5
● Reaction types
○ Catabolism breaks down and provides energy
○ Anabolism builds up and uses energy
● ATP Adenosine Triphosphate
○ universal compound for the use of energy
● External sources of energy
○ Nutrients
● Chemical Energy
○ anytime you break chemical bonds, energy is released
● Metabolic pathways
○ Aerobic respiration love O2
■ Glycolysis 2 ATP
■ Krebs Cycle 2 ATP
■ Electron transport chain 34 ATP
● uses oxygen free radicals
■ 38 units of ATP total
■ SOD Superoxide dismutase (allows these organisms to deal with
these harmful chemicals)
○ Anaerobic Fermentation
■ Glycolysis 2 ATP
■ Fermentation 0 ATP
■ 2 units of ATP
■ slower growing organism
○ Enzymes proteins that speed up reactions
■ specific proteins
■ certain substrates have a certain enzyme
■ ase = ENZYMES
■
■
■
■
SPEED UP CHEMICAL REACTIONS
NOT CONSUMED
NEVER SHOW UP IN THE PRODUCT
*21 multiple choice, rest is short answer
Title: Introduction to Microbiology
Description: Test review of basic Microbiology, parts of the microscope, people who contributed to microbiology, cells, and stianing
Description: Test review of basic Microbiology, parts of the microscope, people who contributed to microbiology, cells, and stianing