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Title: Human Anatomy Introduction
Description: Introductory terms for learning Human Anatomy.
Description: Introductory terms for learning Human Anatomy.
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1
...
What
different ways can one approach the study of gross anatomy?
a
...
Microscopic-‐ study of structures requiring a microscope
...
Regional-‐ where it is located; systematic-‐ study by systems; surface-‐ study what
you see
2
...
Cytology-‐ study of individual cells (structure)
b
...
List and define the hierarchy of structural organization in humans
...
What are the relationships between cells and tissues, tissues
and organs, organs and organ systems?
a
...
Macromolecules (lipids, nucleic acids, proteins)
b
...
Organelles
c
...
Groups of specialized cells (epithelium, connective muscle, nerve)
d
...
Formed by combination of individual organs (heart, liver, femur)
e
...
Urinary, nervous, endocrine, integument
f
...
List the four main tissue types
a
...
Epithelial-‐covering and secretory
c
...
Nerve-‐controller
5
...
Describe function of each organ
system
...
Skeletal-‐ support and protection; stores calcium/phosphorus
b
...
Integumentary-‐ protection, regulates body temp, vitamin D
d
...
Nervous-‐ controls body movement; intelligence, memory, consciousness
f
...
Cardiovascular-‐ moves blood, picks up waste products
h
...
Respiratory-‐ exchange gases between blood and air
j
...
Urinary-‐ filters and removes waste
6
...
Why is this important?
a
...
List the terms used in describing locations of structures and relative location of
structures when in the anatomical position
...
Anterior-‐ in front of; toward front surface
b
...
Dorsal-‐ at the back side of the body
d
...
Superior-‐ toward the head or above
f
...
Cranial-‐ at the head end
h
...
Medial-‐ toward the midline
j
...
Proximal – closest to point of attachment
l
...
Superficial-‐ on the surface
n
...
Define frontal (coronal), transverse, sagittal (both median and parasagittal) and
oblique planes
...
Oblique plane-‐ diagonal cuts along either horizontal or vertical planes
9
...
What functions do body cavities perform? What are the
primary contents of these cavities?
a
...
d
c
...
d
10
...
a
...
Parietal-‐ lines the outer wall of body cavities
c
...
Define abdominiopelvic quadrants
...
a
...
Right/left lower
c
...
Abdominal regions
i
...
Describe Cell theory
a
...
Produced by existing cells through mitosis/meiosis
c
...
What are cell organelles? List the organelles found in a cell and describe the structure
and function of each
...
Describe how membranous organelles contribute to the complexity of a
cell
...
Smooth Er-‐ regulates and releases calcium ions; releases toxins
b
...
Mitochondria-‐ cellular respiration (take in nutrients/turn into energy )
d
...
Rough ER-‐ protein production and folding; quality control
f
...
Golgi apparatus-‐ modifying, sorting, packaging of proteins for secretion
14
...
Cytoplasm
a
...
Ions, amino acids, sugars
15
...
Compare osmosis/diffusion
...
Passive-‐ energy independent
b
...
Osmosis-‐ movement of solvent across a membrane
d
...
Compare and contrast mechanisms of bulk transport across the cell membrane:
pinocytosis, receptor-‐mediated endocytosis, phagocytosis, exocytosis:
a
...
Receptor-‐mediated endocytosis: selective transport of materials having
receptors on the cell surface
...
Endosome then modifies the contents
c
...
Exocytosis: mechanism to move substances outside of the cell
17
...
Where are they formed?
a
...
Located on rough ER
18
...
a
...
Rough-‐ have ribosomes; synthesis of proteins
19
...
a
...
Describe the structure and function of mitochondria
...
Production of ATP
b
...
What is the cytoskeleton? Describe structure and function of microtubules,
microfilaments and intermediate filaments
...
Cell’s skeleton and motor
b
...
Microfilaments-‐ anchoring cytoskeleton to integral membrane proteins; cell
movement
d
...
Describe the structure of the nucleus
...
Nuclear envelope-‐ double plasma membrane covering nucleus
b
...
Chromatin-‐linear molecules of DNA
23
...
a
...
Germ cell-‐gamete or sex cell
24
...
a
...
Ridding cell of infected, mutated, or DNA damage
...
What is a tissue?
a
...
Four primary tissue types and function of each
a
...
Connective-‐ support
c
...
Nerve-‐controller
27
...
Lining hollow body organs
28
...
glandular epithelial tissues
a
...
Glandular-‐ specialized secretory tissues
i
...
Endocrine-‐ products enter the bloodstream and distributed by the blood
29
...
Covering body surfaces or lining body cavities
30
...
a
...
Lateral-‐ cell-‐to-‐cell attachments; connected to other cells via several different
types of specialized juntions
c
...
What is lumen?
32
...
Layers and shape
i
...
Columnar, squamous, cuboidal, transitional
33
...
Layer of extracellular matrix at the basal surface of all epithelia
b
...
This is where epithelial cells are attached
34
...
Where are they found
and what are their primary functions?
a
...
Intermediate (zona adherens)-‐ “belt” junctions between cells usually found just
below tight junctions; anchored by cytoskeleton and help bind the two cells
together
c
...
Gap junction-‐ important in intercellular communication
35
...
Secrete ions, enzymes, regulator peptides
i
...
Exocrine-‐ secreted product is released onto the free surface f the
epithelium and often transported by ducts
...
What is a connective tissue? List the types of connective tissues and discuss the
characteristics that differentiate one form another
...
CT= most microscopically & functionally diverse group and abundant tissue type
i
...
Cartilage and bone
iii
...
Three types of fibers found in the extracellular matrix of fibrous connective tissue
...
What is “ground substance” and why is it important?
a
...
Elastic fibers-‐ rubber band-‐like protein fibers that are elastic and recoil back to
original state when stretched
c
Title: Human Anatomy Introduction
Description: Introductory terms for learning Human Anatomy.
Description: Introductory terms for learning Human Anatomy.