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Sigmund Freud
Psychosexual Stages of Development
1
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Two Ways of Behaving
a
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Aka oral passive personality
b
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The Anal Stage
a
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Anal retentive personality
- hold back or retain feces
- discovers a new approach to manipulate parents attention
3
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Latency stage
5
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-he was influenced by Freud
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-much more society and culture-oriented than most Freudians
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Infancy : Birth to 18 mos
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Mistrust
BASIC STRENGTH: Drive and Hope
Erikson also referred to infancy as the oral sensory stage, where the
major emphasis is on the mother’s positive and loving care for the child,
with a big emphasis on visual contact and touch
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2
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Shame and Doubt
BASIC STRENGTH: Self- control, Courage and Will
During this stage we learn to master skills for ourselves
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It is also during this stage, however, that we can be very vulnerable
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The most significant relationships are with parents
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Play Age: 3 to 5 Years
EGO DEVELOPMENT OUTCOME: Initiative vs
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We make up stories with
Barbie's and Ken's, toy phones and miniature cars, playing out roles in a
trial universe,
Initiative means a positive response to the world's challenges, taking on
responsibilities, learning new skills, feeling purposeful
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We
should accept and encourage fantasy and curiosity and imagination
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The child is now capable, as
never before, of imagining a future situation, one that isn't a reality right
now
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The most significant relationship is with the basic family
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School Age: 6 to 12 Years
EGO DEVELOPMENT OUTCOME: Industry vs
...
This is also a very social stage of
development and if we experience unresolved feelings of inadequacy and
inferiority among our peers, we can have serious problems in terms of
competence and self-esteem
...
Parents are no longer the complete authorities
they once were, although they are still important
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Then we have the virtue called competency
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Adolescence: 12 to 18 Years
EGO DEVELOPMENT OUTCOME: Identity vs
...
From here on out, development depends primarily
upon what we do
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Most significant relationships are with peer groups
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Young adulthood: 18 to 35
EGO DEVELOPMENT OUTCOME: Intimacy and Solidarity vs
...
As we try to find mutually satisfying relationships, primarily through
marriage and friends, we generally also begin to start a family, though this
age has been pushed back for many couples who today don't start their
families until their late thirties
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If we're not successful, isolation and distance from others may occur
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Our significant relationships are with marital partners and friends
7
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Self absorption or
Stagnation
Basic Strengths: Production and Care
Now work is most crucial
...
Also, middle adulthood is when we can expect to
"be in charge," the role we've longer envied
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Strength comes through care of others and
production of something that contributes to the betterment of society,
which Erikson calls generativity, so when we're in this stage we often
fear inactivity and meaninglessness
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If we don't get through this stage
successfully, we can become self-absorbed and stagnate
Significant relationships are within the workplace, the community and the
family
8
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Despair
Basic Strengths: Wisdom
Erikson felt that much of life is preparing for the middle adulthood stage
and the last stage is recovering from it
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The task is to develop ego integrity with a minimal amount of despair
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First comes a detachment from society, from a sense of

usefulness, for most people in our culture
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Cognitive Stage of Jean Piaget
1
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2
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3
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Five apples plus two apples
4
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Playing billiards
Personal fable – exaggerated belief in one’s own uniqueness &
immortality, especially among adolescents
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PRECONVENTIONAL LEVEL
A
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PURPOSE AND EXCHANGE
2
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MUTUAL INTERPERSONAL EXPECTATIONS, INTERPERSONAL
CONFORMITY
=living up to what is expected by people close to you
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SOCIAL SYSTEM & CONSCIENCE
=fulfilling the actual duties
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POST CONVENTIONAL LEVEL
A
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