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Title: Physics A Final Study Guide
Description: This study guide contains all of the material from Physics 1A including terms, concepts, equations and explanations. (helped me get a 99 on the final)
Description: This study guide contains all of the material from Physics 1A including terms, concepts, equations and explanations. (helped me get a 99 on the final)
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Physics 1A Final Study Guide
(mathematical and visual examples are in the documents attached)
Introduction
A
...
deals with the behavior and structure of matter and energy
B
...
Model: useful idea to explain what we observe
b
...
Law: concise, general statement about how nature behaves
d
...
If not specified, it is assumed to be 1 or a few units in the last digit specified
e
...
Adding or subtracting: round to the least significant place
ii
...
Leading zeroes don’t count
iv
...
Scientific notation: write in powers of ten
i
...
iii
...
v
...
vii
...
Tetra T 1012
Giga G 109
Mega M 106
Kilo K 103
Centi c 10-‐2
Milli m 10-‐3
Micro u 10-‐6
Nano n 10-‐9
g
...
Kinematics and Dynamics
a
...
Dynamics: forces and why objects move the way they do
B
...
Space and time
b
...
Example:
C
...
Scalars: completely specified by numerical value (magnitude)
b
...
Tensors: type of vector
d
...
E
...
G
...
I
...
Velocity and displacement are vectors because in order to find them, we must
take direction into account
Reference Frame: freedom to specify your coordinate system
a
...
The laws of mechanics cannot distinguish between constant velocity reference
frames (standing on a train platform watching it go by vs
...
Average velocity: vector, can be calculated using displacement and time elapsed
b
...
Velocity quantifies how position changes over time
d
...
t, essentially the
secant line)
e
...
V!=dx!/dt
g
...
I
i
...
Average acceleration: (vf-‐vi)/(tf-‐ti)
k
...
Velocity changes linearly over time
b
...
v(t)=v0+at
b
...
v2=vo2+2a(xf-‐xi)
Application: Free Fall
a
...
Mass does not matter and gravity is constant
Vectors: Example 3
Trigonometry Review
1
...
sin=(opposite/hypotenuse)
3
...
tan=(opposite/adjacent)
5
...
θ=cos-‐1(adjacent/hypotenuse)
7
...
given 55m/s at angle of 53 degrees
a
...
velocity in the y direction= 55sin(53)
Projectile Motion
1
...
define your coordinate system
3
...
vx=vox
b
...
y direction equations
a
...
y(t)=yo+voyt-‐(1/2)gt2
Dynamics: why things move the way they do
A
...
Is a vector quanitity because it has a magnitude and a direction
b
...
Newton’s Laws
a
...
Inertia: tendency of an object to maintain its state
b
...
Direction of acceleration= direction of force
ii
...
Mass becomes an objects resistance to accelerate
c
...
Weight and the Force of Gravity
a
...
Fg=mg
c
...
Gravity: long range force, objects do not have to be physically touching the earth’s
surface to experience an interaction
D
...
Contact forces (perpendicular to the surface of contact)
b
...
Types of Forces
a
...
Friction: opposing motion between 2 surfaces in contact
c
...
Strategy
a
...
Define your system
c
...
Choose a coordinate system
e
...
Apply Newton’s second law
g
...
Summary of Newton’s Laws
a
...
Fnet=ma
c
...
Larger mass=more inertia
B
...
Gravitational: mg, acts downwards
b
...
Normal: perpendicular to surface, FN or N
d
...
Friction
a
...
Static friction: keeps objects stationary when sliding would otherwise occur
c
...
Force is always in the direction that opposes motion or potential motion
e
...
Is NOT a vector equation
D
...
Static friction varies in magnitude so the object stays stationary
b
...
For most cases uk will be less than us
d
...
Intro
a
...
Velocity is always tangential to the circle
c
...
The change in velocity will always point towards the center of the circle
B
...
Objects are kept on a circular path
b
...
Acceleration will always point towards the center of the circle
d
...
Velocity and acceleration are always perpendicular
C
...
Period-‐T: time it takes for one complete revolution around the circle
b
...
Are always inverses of each other
d
...
Calculating Speed
a
...
The Dynamics of Uniform Circular Motion
a
...
Centripetal Force: point towards center Fr=mar=mv2/r
a
...
Misconceptions
a
...
Centrifugal force is just a myth
c
...
Gravity
a
...
8 but it changes as you get closer/further from the earth
(higher elevation=less gravity)
b
...
Fg=Gm1m2/r2
d
...
67x10-‐11Nm2/kg2
e
...
Gravity Near the Earth’s Surface
a
...
ME= mass of the earth
c
...
Kepler’s Laws (laws of planetary motion)
a
...
Each planet moves so that an imaginary line drawn from the sun to the planet
sweeps out equal areas in equal periods of time
c
...
(T1/T2)2=(S1/S2)3
Energy
A
...
Symmetries
a
...
Time-‐translation invariance= conservation of energy
c
...
Rotation invariance= conservation of angular momentum
C
...
Cannot be created nor destroyed
b
...
Can be converted between forms
d
...
SI units are Joules (J)
D
...
Energy associated with motion, dependent on mass and speed
b
...
ΔKE=(1/2)mΔv2=1/2m(v2i-‐v2f)
E
...
Energy associated with relative positions of particles
b
...
PEg=mgy
d
...
Spring mass potential: compression or expansion of spring relative to its
equilibrium position
f
...
We’re only focused on the changes in PE because PE has no physical meaning
(dependent on coordinate system)
h
...
Conservation of Energy
a
...
E= total energy within a system
c
...
W=energy that enters sytem in the form of work
e
...
If no work enters or leaves the system, then ΔE=O, system is conserved
Momentum
A
...
Momentum is a quantity of motion
b
...
Can be written as Newton’s second law
d
...
Conservation law for momentum
f
...
No external impulses= momentum is conserved
h
...
Elastic: energy is conserved
ii
...
Perfectly inelastic: subcase of inelastic where objects stick together after
collision
iv
...
Change in direction= change in momentum
B
...
we still only use one energy equation but the momentum equation can broken
down into components
b
...
Δp!tot,y=Fnet,ext,yΔt
d
...
M1v1iy+m2v2iy=m1v1fy+m2v2fy
f
...
Center of Mass
a
...
Translational motion of the center of mass of the object
ii
...
X!center of mass =maxa+mBxB+…/ma+mB=+…
c
...
There will always be an equal amount of mass on either side of the center as well
as above and below it
Angular Momentum and Rotational Invariance
1
...
3
...
extended objects=center of mass and roation aroud the center of mass
translational motion= x, v and a
rotational motion has matching ideas to x, v and a
Rotational Kinematics
a
...
Often the axis perpendicular to the center of mass
c
...
Θ=l/r
e
...
ω!= Δθ/Δt (units are radiancs/second)
g
...
ω =dθ/dt
i
...
ω points along the axis of rotation, positive direction=counter clockwise, negative
direction= clockwise
B
...
How an object accelerates around axis of rotation
b
...
units= radians/s2
d
...
α=d ω/dt
Linear/Type
X, displacement
Vtan, velocity
Atan acceleration
Rotational
θ
ω
α
Relation
X=r θ
V=r ω
A=r α
C
...
ω= ω0+ αt
b
...
ω2= ω02+2α θ
d
...
Rotational Dynamics
a
...
T=net torque
c
...
α=angular acceleration
E
...
A rotational force
b
...
Sometimes it will equal the radius but not always
d
...
This θ is the angle between the r! and F! when placed tail to tail
F
...
Rotational equivalent to mass
b
...
for continuous objects this becomes an integral and will be given to you
d
...
Conservation of Angular Momentum
a
...
ΔL/ Δt=Tnet
c
...
If net torque=0, ΔL=0 so Li=Lf
H
...
Torques do work when an object is displaced angularly
b
...
P=W/ Δt
Title: Physics A Final Study Guide
Description: This study guide contains all of the material from Physics 1A including terms, concepts, equations and explanations. (helped me get a 99 on the final)
Description: This study guide contains all of the material from Physics 1A including terms, concepts, equations and explanations. (helped me get a 99 on the final)