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Title: Classification - F212
Description: Detailed notes on classification. Following the OCR A level biology specification 2014 and onwards. AS revision notes.
Description: Detailed notes on classification. Following the OCR A level biology specification 2014 and onwards. AS revision notes.
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Classification: the way in which living organisms are divided into groups, using similarities and differences
between them
...
▪ierarchical system, keep breaking down into smaller and smaller groups
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Eg
p
wouldn't use whether they're edible, their colour or size
...
A species is a group of organisms that are similar in
appearance, anatomy, physiology, biochemistry and genetics
...
Phylogeny: the study of how closely different species are related, reflecting the evolutionary relationships
of the species between organisms
...
Relationship between classification and phylogeny:
Taxonomy: the scientific study of classification, principles behind it and differences between speciesusually grouped on physical similarities
...
i
f
▪ommon ancestors don't survive today
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Common ancestor: an ancestor that is shared by two or more taxonomic groups
...
Prokaryotes;
The kingdom Prokaryota containing prokaryotic organisms including bacteria and cyanobacteria
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● Eukaryotes
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● Various plant-like and animal-like characteristics
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● Autotrophic or heterotrophic nutrition- using photosynthesis, ingesting prey, feeding using
extracellular enzymes (like fungi)
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Fungi;
Group of organisms where the body is made up of mycelium (a network of strands, each called hyphae)
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Cytoplasm isn't normally divided into cells but it
has many nuclei (multinucleate)
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● Have a mycelium, consisting of hyphae
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● Cytoplasm that is multinucleate
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Plants;
The kingdom is called Plantae and all organisms are multicellular organisms who gain their nutrition from
photosynthesis meaning that they're therefore autotrophs
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● Multicellular
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● Produce multicellular embryos from fertilised eggs
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Animals;
● Eukaryotes
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● Heterotrophic nutrition (digesting and absorbing organic matter)
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● Usually able to move around
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● Makes the study of living things more manageable
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● Helps us see relationships between species
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● Accurately and uniformly names organisms
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● The system we use today was devised by Carl Linnaeus who classified 7000 organisms
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He then put them in 5 ranked categories, these categories are called taxonomic groups or
taxa, they were: Kingdom, class, order, genus and species
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○ Kingdom- prokaryotes, Protocists, fungi, animals and plants
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○ Class- e
...
mammalia
...
g
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The higher up the group the differences
between individual species can be very great
...
Before they were also
identified by a common name, this doesn't work as;
● Different common names in different places both within and between countries
...
● Same common name may be used for different species around the world
...
This prevents any potential confusion
...
Title: Classification - F212
Description: Detailed notes on classification. Following the OCR A level biology specification 2014 and onwards. AS revision notes.
Description: Detailed notes on classification. Following the OCR A level biology specification 2014 and onwards. AS revision notes.