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Title: A level Ecology revision
Description: These notes contain key ecology definitions, Abiotic and biotic factors, succession definitions, processes within the eco system, a description of the stages of succession, definitions in energy flow, conservation, intensive farming, fertilisers, bio-fules, deforestation and overfishing.
Description: These notes contain key ecology definitions, Abiotic and biotic factors, succession definitions, processes within the eco system, a description of the stages of succession, definitions in energy flow, conservation, intensive farming, fertilisers, bio-fules, deforestation and overfishing.
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Word
Definition
Habitat
The physical or abiotic part of an ecosystem e
...
Ecosystems have many habitats
Community
Living or biotic part of an ecosystem i
...
all the organisms of all the different
species living in one habitat
Biosphere
part of earthier where life occurs (land, sea and air)
Ecosystem
self-contained area together with all of its living organisms
Ecology
Study of living organisms and their environment
Biotic
Any living or biological factor
Abiotic
Any non-living or physical factor
Mircohabitat
a localised specific habitat within a larger habitat eg rock pool
Population
members of the same species living in one habitat
Species
group of organisms that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring
Ecosystem
biotic and abiotic components of an area
Ecological niche
an organisms role in its ecosystem, in particular the resources the population
needs from its habitat e
...
g altitude, slope
...
g primary
consumers consume the producers
...
!
Succession example
Bare ground —> bacteria, linches, mosses
Bare rock - little water and has few available nutrients !
Lichens - mutualistic relationship between alga and fungus !
alga photosynthesises and makes organic compounds for the fungus !
fungus absorbes water and minerals for photo
...
!
Mosses- grow on top of Lichens
...
Bacteria, lichens and mosses —> Grasses and ferns
Wind swept seeds - can grown in thin soil !
large roots - weather rocks and add to soil formation !
Large photosynthetic area- grow fast and out compete slow growing pioneers !
Grasses make detritus - more organic matter to soil = holds more water
...
g
resistance to disease
Conservation of plants
with medicinal properties
Planned preservation of habitat
wetlands, coral reef or sand dunes National parks, SSSIs
Reintroduction programmes
Red Kite
Protection of rare breeds
trade restrictions on endangered species and CITES
Legislation
prevent over-grazing, over fishing
!
Intensive Farming
Intensive farming
maximise productivity by using appropriate technology
Selective breeding
Crops grow faster and bigger
Fertilisers
Overcome limitation of minerals in soil and increase productivity
Pesticides
Pest control
Large fields
less wasted land with hedgerows and field margins over productivity increased
Monoculture
specialise in one type of crop and find optimum conditions for max productivity
Mechanisation
crops shown and harvested more quickly and reliably cost of labour decreased
Livestock reared indoors
reducing heat loss due to movement net secondary productivity increased
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Fertilisers
Natural
Artificial
decomposed with nitrifying bacteria before use
in solution made up ready for use
time delay before plants take up
taken up immediately by plants
difficult to transport and apply
lower transport and labour costs
recycles waste material
High production cost
contributes to organic humus in soil so soil water in retained
leeching of soluble nutrients- loss of nutrients = eutrophication
quantity of specific nutrients unknown
apply correct quantity of known nutrient
!
!
Biofuels
advantages
disadvantages
Lower cost
Shortage of food - rise in cost
Reduceses green house gases
take up agricultural space
fuel emissions ow
use of fertilisers
economic security- not all countries have fuel resources
Monocultures less nutrients
adaptable to engine designs
reduction in biodiversity
easy to source
industrial pollution
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Deforestation
Methods of deforestation
Burning (for farming/building), Logging (obtain wood)
Effects
Decertification (death of soil and soil erosion)!
Landslips or mudslides on sloped (rivers flood)
Sustainability
Gap dynamics !
Rotational felling
!
Overfishing
Methods of overfishing
Purse sining (circular net, not discriminant)!
Beam trawling (heavy iron beam, most destructive) !
Long line fishing (boys with lines, accidental kills of endangered species)
Effects of overfishing
depletion of fish stocks!
population too low to recover!
huge loss in biodiversity
Sustainability
Fishing Quotas (total allowable of each species, shares) !
Controlling mesh sizes (smaller fish escape)!
Fish Farming(salmon and trout)
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Title: A level Ecology revision
Description: These notes contain key ecology definitions, Abiotic and biotic factors, succession definitions, processes within the eco system, a description of the stages of succession, definitions in energy flow, conservation, intensive farming, fertilisers, bio-fules, deforestation and overfishing.
Description: These notes contain key ecology definitions, Abiotic and biotic factors, succession definitions, processes within the eco system, a description of the stages of succession, definitions in energy flow, conservation, intensive farming, fertilisers, bio-fules, deforestation and overfishing.