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Problem  Set  #1  Key  
 
Animal  Organization  and  Circulation  
 
This  problem  set,  along  with  problem  set  #2  and  #3,  will  be  reviewed  during  the  next  
discussion,  Jan  25  (there  is  no  discussion  session  on  Jan  18  due  to  a  holiday)
...
 
 
 
1) Define:  
 
-­‐ Tissue  
 
A  group  of  cells  with  the  same  function
...
 
 
 
-­‐ Organ  System  
 
A  group  of  organs  that  create  an  overall  function  responsible  for  an  essential  need  to  
the  organism
...
 
 
 
 
 
Disadvantages:  
 
Low  surface  area  to  volume  ratio,  requires  a  transport  system,  requires  support  for  
large  weight
...
 
 
What  are  the  2  types?  
Simple  epithelium,  stratified  epithelium  
 
What  are  the  different  cell  shapes?  
Cuboidal:  cube
...
 
 
Give  an  example  of  a  connective  protein
...
 
Myelin  Sheath  
 
What  is  the  function  of  fibroblasts?  
To  produce  connective  proteins,  such  as  collagen
...
 
 
Skeletal:  voluntary,  striated,  controlled  by  CNS  
Smooth:  involuntary,  not  striated,  controlled  by  stimuli  
Cardiac:  involuntary,  striated,  controlled  by  pacemaker  
 
 
 
 
-­‐ Nervous  Tissue:  
Control  voluntary  and  involuntary  movement
...
 
 
What  are  some  nervous  tissue  functions?  
Receives  and  outputs  information
...
 Data  integration  
 
 

  
4) What  is  homeostasis?  
 
The  ability  to  keep  internal  conditions  the  same
...
 
 
 
-­‐ Why  is  homeostasis  important  (think  of  enzymes  and  proteins)?  
 
Enzymes  and  proteins  can  only  function  under  a  range  of  conditions
...
 
 
-­‐ Homeostasis  is  controlled  by  feedback  loops
...
 
 
 
-­‐ Give  an  example  of  a  negative  and  a  positive  feedback  loop  
 
 
Negative  Feedback  Loop:  
 
Internal  temperature  control  
 
 
Positive  Feedback  Loop:  
 
Positive:  producing  beast  milk  upon  stimulation  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

5) What  is  the  primary  function  of  circulation?  
 
To  solve  the  problem  of  low  surface  area  to  volume  ratio  in  terms  of  oxygen  and  
carbon  dioxide  exchange/diffusion
...
 
(b) To  prevent  blood  from  flowing  backwards  
(c) To  filter  out  potential  harmful  substances  
(d) To  retrieve  oxygen  and  feed  it  to  the  cardiac  muscles
...
 

11)

What  produces  the  signals  that  travel  across  the  heart?  

 
Sinoatrial  Node  (pacemaker)  
 
 
12)
What  is  the  vital  function  of  the  Atrioventricular  Node?  
 
To  delay  the  signal  by  0
...
 That  way  blood  will  finish  flowing  into  the  
ventricles  before  committing  to  ventricular  contraction
...
 Which  direction  do  they  promote?  
 
Hydrostatic  Pressure:  out  of  the  capillaries,  into  the  tissues
...
 
 
 
 
 

  
 
 
14)
A  heart  chamber  has  a  very  thick  wall  and  produces  a  large  spike  
in  the  ECG  during  contraction
...
 AS  A  RESULT,  THE  RECEIVER  WILL  HAVE  A  HEART  THAT  CAN  ONLY  
BEAT  AT  100  BPM,  WHICH  IS  THE  STANDARD  RATE  FOR  A  HEART  WITHOUT  
INTERFERENCE  FROM  THE  CNS

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