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Title: Phase Changes
Description: This is about Phase Changes or Phase Transitions. Definitions, examples, and procedures included.
Description: This is about Phase Changes or Phase Transitions. Definitions, examples, and procedures included.
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Phase Change
:
How does it work?
Nicole G
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But now we’re in college, we deserve to know
more about those kinds of things
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I
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It is anything that has mass and take up space (Google)
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They are small and numerous particles that we inhale
billions of trillions with each breath of air
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The idea that matter is composed of atoms goes back to the Greeks in the fifth century BC
(2006)
...
Rocks are
breakable into pebbles, and pebbles into fine gravel
...
Perhaps, the fifthcentury Greeks found out that
there was a smallest bit of rock, an “atom,” that could not be divided anu further
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Matter around us exists in four common phases or states
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Add energy, and you add motion to the rigid molecular structures, which breaks down
to form H2O in liquid phase, water
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And still, add more energy, and the molecules break into ions and electrons, giving the plasma
phase
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Changes of phase almost always require a transfer of energy
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Solids can be classified as either crystalline or amorphous (2015)
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For example, in the sodium chloride crystal, or more common
as table salt, sodium and chloride atoms occupy alternate corners of a cube
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Liquid
olecules that make up a liquid are not confined to fixed positions, as they are in solids, but
M
can flow from position to position by sliding over one another
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Molecules of a liquid are close together and can
greatly resist compressive forces
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Gases are easily
compressed
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The liquid state exists at a higher temperature than the solid state
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Solids and liquids both have the same property that when
an attempt is made to compress them, strong repulsive atomic forces act internally to resist the
compression
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The primary difference between a
gas and a liquid is the distance between molecules
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Their
motions are less restricted
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Only
when the quantity of gas is very large, such as in Earth’s atmosphere or in a star, do gravitational
forces limit the size, or determine the shape, of the mass of a gas
...
The average distance between the molecules of a gas is quite large compared with the
size of the molecules
...
As a result, unlike solids and liquids, gases
can be easily compressed
...
The resulting system is a collection of free, electrically charged particles
negatively charged electrons and positively charged ions
...
Unlike a neutral gas, the longrange electric and magnetic forces allow the constituents of a
plasma to interact with each other
...
II
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Martinez, 1995)
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In some cases, however, the transfer of energy does not result in change of
temperature, This can occur when the physical characteristics of the substance change from one
form to another, commonly referred to as phase change
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e
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It is interesting, however, to look at how, for instance, honey (or milk)
boils and solidifies, or at how wax melts
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Glasses are substances that solidify from a molten state into an amorphous
solid
...
Hopkinson described in 1898 the disappearance of magnetism in hot iron
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The more violently you jump, the more difficult holding hands would become
...
Something like this
happens to the molecules of a solid when it is heated
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The solid melts
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The temperature which
melts solids under a pressure of 1atm is 0° Celsius or 32° Fahrenheit
...
As energy is withdrawn from a liquid,
molecular motion diminishes until finally the molecules, on the average, are moving slowly
enough so that the attractive forces between them are able to cause cohesion
...
At atmospheric pressure, water freezes at 0° Celsiusunless such substances as sugar or
salt are dissolved in it
...
In the case of salt, chlorine ions grab
electrons from the hydrogen atoms in H2O and impede crystal formation
...
As ice crystals form, the interference is intensified because the proportion
of “foreign” molecules or ions among nonfused water molecules increases
...
Evaporation
ater in an open container will eventually evaporate, or dry up
...
Evaporation is the change of phase from liquid to gas that occurs
at the surface of the liquid
...
Molecules in liquid water have a wide variety of speeds, moving about in all directions
and bumping against one another
...
In the next moment, the slowest may become the fastest due to molecular
collisions
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They can leave the surface and fly into space above the liquid
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Condensation
The opposite of evaporation is condensationthe changing of a gas to a liquid
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In collisions with lowenergy molecules
in the liquid, excess kinetic energy is shared with the liquid, increasing the liquid temperature
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A dramatic example of the warming that results from condensation is the energy released by
steam when it condensesa painful experience if it condenses on you
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This energy release
by condensation is utilized in steamheating system
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This process is called sublimation,
The term
sublimation
refers to a
physical
change of state and is not used to describe transformation of a solid to a gas
in a chemical reaction
Many students have seen this phenomenon with dry ice, which is carbon dioxide in solid
state
...
Actually, however, the solid carbon dioxide is going directly
into the gaseous state
...
Deposition
Deposition
is a thermodynamic process, a phase transition in which gas transforms into
solid
...
Examples of deposition are when
water vapor
transforms directly into ice without becoming a liquid, a process that often occurs on windows
during the winter months, and when thin layers of material known as "film" are deposited onto a
surface using a vaporized form of the film
...
The unit of latent heat is joule per kilogram (J/kg)
...
” The positive sign in the equation above is chosen when the energy is
absorbed by a substance, as when ice is melting
...
The
latent heat of fusion
is used when a phase change occurs during melting or freezing,
whereas the
latent heat of vaporization
is used when a phase change occurs during boiling or
condensing
...
Conclusion
There are still more about phase changes we can know but those are the ones we need to
be informed about for now
...
Title: Phase Changes
Description: This is about Phase Changes or Phase Transitions. Definitions, examples, and procedures included.
Description: This is about Phase Changes or Phase Transitions. Definitions, examples, and procedures included.